There is a consensus that the Renaissance began in Florence, Italy, in the 14th century. Various theories have been proposed to explain the origin and its characteristics, focusing on a range of factors including social and civic peculiarities of Florence at that time, its political structure, the patronage of the Medici, domination, and the migration of scholars and the Greek texts to Italy following the fall of Constantinople under the OttomansConstantinople was established as the capital of Roman since 330 year under the Roman Emperor Constantine the great. In the eleven centuries later, the city has been the enemy of the Empire besieged many times, but just be captured only once: during the Fourth Crusade in 1204, the Crusaders established a Latin unstable state in and around Constantinople while remaining Imperial territory fragmented into several Greek States , as Eripus and Nicaea, Trebizond. The City States of Greece has fought as allies against the Latin City States, trying to restore back to win back the Empire.The Crusades were a series of wars of religion, was called by the Pope and by the Kings and nobles who volunteered to take the cross with the main goal is to recover the control of the Christian Holy land. Military cross from all over Western Europe, and there was a series of campaigns not constantly between 1095 and 1291. Similar campaigns in Spain and Eastern Europe continued in the 15th century. The Crusades were fought mainly between the Roman Catholic Church against Muslims and Christian believers according to the Eastern Orthodox in Byzantium, with the smaller campaign waged against pagan Slavs, pagan Balts, Mongolia, and Christian layman [1]. Eastern Orthodoxy also fought against Islamic forces in a number of crusades. The crusades are sworn and was granted a full amnesty by the Pope, pleaseConstantinople was established as the capital of Roman since 330 year under the Roman Emperor Constantine the great. In the eleven centuries later, the city has been the enemy of the Empire besieged many times, but just be captured only once: during the Fourth Crusade in 1204, the Crusaders established a Latin unstable state in and around Constantinople while remaining Imperial territory fragmented into several Greek States , as Eripus and Nicaea, Trebizond. The City States of Greece has fought as allies against the Latin City States, trying to restore back to win back the Empire.The Empire of Nicaea was finally reconquered Constantinople from the Latin Empire again in 1261. Then there is very little period of peace for the Roman Empire which had been weakened, it must constantly fend off the attacks from the Latin, Serbia, Bulgaria and the most dangerous, is the Ottoman Turks. The black plague between 1346 and 1349 had killed nearly half the population of Constantinople. In 1450 the Empire had shrunk so much, just include a few square miles outside the city of Constantinople, the Emperor from the Islands in the sea of Marmara, and the Peloponnesian Peninsula with its cultural centre in Mystras. The Empire of Trebizond, a independent State emerged from the aftermath of the Fourth Crusade, also survived on the Black Sea coast.The breakup of the Ottoman Empire was the direct consequence of the first world war, when Entente faction defeated the central powers in Europe as well as the Ottoman forces in the Middle East. At the end of the war in 1918, the Ottoman State Government collapsed and the Empire were the uk, Greece, France, Italy, Armenia, and Georgia was conquered and divided. The following year, the newly independent countries of the Ottoman Word proclaimed and in 1919, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk and the Turkish revolutionary forces started the war for independence in Turkey. In 1923, the Turkish revolutionary forces won the battle and Turkey are independent. That same year, the Ottoman Empire, sultan Mehmed VI Vahdettin General report abdicated, and Mustafa Kemal Atatürk founded the Republic of Turkey, based on part of the territory of the Ottoman Empire. The members of the family were rulers Osmanlı deported from Turkey in 1923-1924. In 1924, the Caliph was abolished, the Caliph Abdul Mejid II of the Ottoman dynasty also abdicated. In 1974, after 50 years, the Turkish Parliament has empowered re asked the Turkish citizenship to the descendants of this family, and they have done that in the next decade in a process completed with the head of their line Ertuğrul Osman V was awarded citizenship in 2004.
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