Scientific research must use PPKH: includes choosing the proper method
of (arguments) to demonstrate the relationship between the foundation and the whole argument between
themselves on the thesis; placing assumptions or judgments using arguments and methods
of collecting information and processing information (arguments) to build theses.
2.4.1. Thesis
thesis answers the question "What needs to prove?" In the study. The thesis
is a "judgment" or a "hypothesis" that need to be proven. For example, rice is
too much fertilizer N fertilizer will be lodging.
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2.4.2. Argument
To prove a thesis, then scientists should provide evidence or
scientific grounds. Arguments include gathering information, references; the
police and the empirical. Arguments answered questions "Proof by what?". The
scientists used the argument as a basis to prove a thesis. There are two types of arguments
used in scientific research:
• theoretical argument: includes theory, thesis, premise, theorems, the
laws and rules that have been scientifically proven and certified as true. Reasonable argument
theory is also seen as a theoretical basis.
• practical argument: on the basis of data collection, observation and experimentation
laboratory.
2.4.3. Justifying
To prove a thesis, scientific researchers have given the
order to determine the relationship between the argument and the argument between the thesis. Luan
witness answer the question "Prove how?". In scientific research,
to prove a thesis, a hypothesis or prediction, the researchers use
arguments used, such combination of analogy, between deductive reasoning, thinking
and reasoning inductive type failure. A feasibility study using other methods such as
collecting information access and make scientific arguments, statistical data collection in real
experience in the type of research or investigation.
2.5. The scientific method
scientific method (PPKH). The various sciences also
may have different PPKH. Natural sciences such as physics, chemistry, agricultural and
industrial uses empirical PPKH, as arranged experiments conducted to collect
data, to explain and conclusions. As for the social sciences such as anthropology, economic
health, history ... using PPKH gather information from observations, interviews or the
investigation. However, there are general steps such PPKH: Observing things or phenomena,
questioning and making hypotheses, collect data, and based on the data to draw conclusions
(Table 2.4). But there are differences in the process of data collection, processing and dissemination
of the data.
Table 2.4 The basic steps of the scientific method
Content Step
1 Observe the phenomena
studied 2 Rationale
3 Place the hypothesis or prediction
4 Crawl or experimental data
5 Conclusion
Chapter 3
"ISSUES" SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH
3.1. The nature of the observed
past, people rely on faith to explain what you see happening
in the world around you without verification or proof experiment for
proving the viability of the concept, idea, theory they offer.
In addition, people do not use the scientific method to answer
the question. For example in the times of Aristotle (fourth century BC), the
people (including some scientists) believe that living organisms can independently
existing, inert objects (no life ) can transform into objects or creatures
live, and that the worms, beetles, frogs, ... emerge from mud, dirt when flooding
occurs.
today, scientists are constantly observed , tracking things, is
subject, laws of motion, relationships, ... in the world around them and based
on the knowledge, experience or previous research to explore, to find out is
the new formula, explain the movement rules, relationships between things a
science. The nature of the observations is the feeling of being perceived by the senses, such as marketing
, hearing, touch, and taste khướu. This senses help the
researchers discovered or found "problems" scientific research. When observation must be objective,
not subjective, because observation is often based on subjective personal opinions and
beliefs are not in the field of science.
In short, the phenomenon observed, the thing is the process which thoughts or thinking development
before birth for scientific research initially. Observations combined with prior knowledge
of the researchers is the basis for the formation of questions and hypotheses posed to
the study.
3.2. "The issue of" scientific research
3.2.1. Questioning
the nature of observation often pose questions, which posed "problems"
research for scientists and researchers. The question must be simple, specific
and clear (defined limit, the scope of the study) and how candidates can perform
testing to verify, respond. For example, the question: "How many students go to school
today?". The answer is done simply by counting the number of students
present in the school. But another question arises: "Why did you go to school today
today?". Clearly shows that the answer to this question is really a bit hard to do, for
fairly complex experience than having students conduct investigations.
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