From: [d--e] at [unislc.slc.unisys.

From: [d--e] at [unislc.slc.unisys.com] (Dale Clark)
Subject: METHAMPHETAMINE
Date: Mon, 14 Jun 1993 15:00:38 -0600 (MDT)



----------------------------------
METHAMPHETAMINE
----------------------------------


GENERAL INFO
------------
N,(alpha)-Di-methylbenzeneethanamine; d-N,(alpha)-dimethylphenethylamine;
d-N-methylamphetamine; d-deoxyephedrine; d-desoxyephedrine; 1-phenyl-2-
methylaminopropane; d-phenylisopropylmethylamine; methyl-(beta)-
phenylisopropylamine; Norodin. C10 H15 N. Melting point 170-175F.
Bitter taste. Soluble in water. Practically insoluble in ether.
A 1% aqueous solution is neutral or slightly acid to litmus.


STRUCTURE
---------

-----
//
|| ||---- CH2CHCH3
// |
----- NHCH3


COMMERCIAL DRUG NAMES
---------------------
Amphedroxyn, Desfedrin, Desoxyfed, Desoxyn, Destim, Dexoval, D-O-E,
Doxephrin, Drinalfa, Efroxine, Gerobit, Hiropon, Isophen, Madrine,
Meth, Methampex, Methedrine, Methylisomyn, Pervitin, Semoxydrine,
Soxysympamine, Syndrox, Tonedron.


LD-50
----
I.P. in mice: 70 mg/kg.


ACTIONS
-------
Dextroamphetamine is approximately twice as potent as amphetamine and
methamphetamine is intermediate in this respect. To some extent,
methamphetamine exerts fewer pheripheral effects than amphetamine.
Specifically 'speed' refers to only one amphetamine - Methadrine
or Methamphetamine - which was first used during World War II
by Nazi soldiers to combat fatigue that resulted from fighting for
days without sleep.

Methamphetamine is a dopaminolytic agent which decreases the transmission
of dopamine, and blocks the release and re-uptake of dopamine and
norepinephrine. The drug is well absorbed from the digestive tract,
causing clinical effects within 30 minutes. Depending on strength,
subjective and objective reactions can last from several hours to
a few days. The drug can be taken orally, inhaled, or injected.

Methamphetamine is also a sympathomimetic amine with CNS stimulant activity.
Peripheral actions include elevation of systolic and diastolic blood
pressures and weak bronchodilator and respiratory stimulant action.
The primary site of metabolism is in the liver by aromatic hydroxylation,
N-dealkylation and deamination. At least seven metabolites have been
identified in the urine. The biologic half-life has been reported to
be 4-5 hours. Excretion occurs primarily in the urine and is dependent
on urine pH. Alkaline urine will significantly increase the drug half-
life. Approximately 62% of an oral dose is eliminated in the urine
within the first 24 hours, with approximately 1/3 as intact drug, and
the remainder as metabolites.

Unlike cocaine and most other CNS stimulants, methamphetamine induces
tolerance. Tolerance develops slowly, but a progressive increase in
dosage can occur and permits the eventual ingestion or injection of amounts
several hundredfold greater than the usual therapeutic dose. The
tolerance to various effects develops unequally, so that nervousness and
sleeplessness persist and psychotoxic effects, such as hallucinations
and delusions may occur. However, even massive doses are rarely fatal.
Chronic users have injected as much as 15,000 mg in 24 hours without
observable illness. For neophytes, however, rapid injection of 120 mg
may be fatal, although some individuals have survived 400 to 500 mg.

Methamphetamine abusers are prone to accidents because of the excitation and
grandiosity produced and the accompanying excessive fatigue of
sleeplessness. IV administration may lead to serious antisocial behavior
and can precipitate a schizophrenic episode. A paranoid psychosis almost
ineviably results from long-term use of high doses.

The usual therapeutic dose is 20-25mg/day for behavioral syndrome
characterized by moderate to severe distractibility, short attention span,
hyperactivity, emotional lability and impulsivity, 10 or 15mg/day for
the treatment of obesity.


DRUG INTERACTIONS
-----------------
Potentiates cyclic antidepressants. Methamphetamine should never be taken
during, or within 14 days following, the administration of MAO
(monoamine oxidase inhibitors) or hypertensive crises may result. It
is also not advisable for persons with glaucoma, advanced arteriosclerosis,
symptomatic cardiovascular disease, moderate to severe hypertension, or
hyperthyroidism.


CREATION PROCESS
----------------
Methamphetamine is prepared by the catalytic hydrogenation of ephedrine
in acetic acid, containing a small amount of perchloric acid as an
activator. This process requires from 4 to 5 hours, although some
say 6 to 8 hours, for completion. Methamphetamine may also be
prepared by the reaction between phenylacetone and methylamine,
then the final reduction to methamphetamine. This process requires
6 to 8 hours from completion.

Materials: 95-100% ethanol, Sodium Borohydride, 250 ml round bottom glass
flask, reflux condenser, rubber tubing, Sudafed nasal decongestant capsules,
glass extraction funnel, 1 molar Sodium Hydroxide, anhydrous Sodium Sulfate,
diethyl ether, Safety goggles, Safety shield ( plexiglass...1-2" thick ),
Safety apron and gloves. It's also advisable to have a dry chemical fire
extinguisher available at all times. Blue and red litmus paper, and
about a litre of saturated salt solution (1 gram per 23 mls).
At ALL stages, glassware should be kept very dry.

Theory: You will perform a catalytic dehydrogenolysis on pseudoephedrine,
converting it into methylamphetamine (speed, ice, or glass are common names).

Structure of synthesis: This procedure is broken up into two parts;
1) the production and purification of pseudoephedrine free base.
2) the production and purification of methylamphetamine free base.


The production and purification of pseudoepehdrine free base
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Method: Take 10 sudafed capsules apart, and place the little round granules
into a clean dish. These granules contain the pseudoephedrine hydrochloride
and inorganic filler. Crush the granules until they are no more than a very
fine powder. I suggest using the 100 milligram capsules at this point.
Approximate end yield will be roughly 1 gram of product.


Place 100 mls of room temperature water into the extraction funnel,
and CAREFULLY add all of the powdder into the funnel. Place a cap on the
funnel, invert, and open the stopcock. MAKE SURE YOU ARE WEARING YOUR SAFETY
GOGGLES AT THIS POINT! Swirl the funnel around to dissolve the material.
There will be a significant amount of undissolved white powder; do not be
concerned, this is inorganic filler. After 10 mins of shaking, dip a glass
rod into the liquid and touch the drop on the tip of the stirring rod to a
piece of moist BLUE litmus paper. The litmus paper should turn red where it
has been touched. This means that the solution is acidic, and that a
significant proportion of the pseudoephedrine hydrochloride has in fact
dissolved in the water. If the litmus paper has turned red, you can go on to
the next step. If not, repeat he shaking 5 more minutes until the litmus
paper does turn red.

Add 50 mls of diethyl ether to the separation funnel. BE VERY CAREFUL AT THIS
STAGE. MAKE SURE YOU ARE WORKING IN A WELL VENTILATED AREA AND PLEASE DON'T
DO SOMETHING STUPID LIKE SMOKE CIGARETTES OR YOU DESERVE WHAT WILL HAPPEN!
The diethyl ether is less dense than the water solution and will float on top.
Add 10 mls of the 1 molar sodium hydroxide, cap the funnel, invert and
IMMEDIATELY release the stopcock to vent off the gas that forms. Point the
end of the funnel AWAY from your eyes! Periodically swirl and vent the funnel
to release any gas. When no more gas is given off after venting, draw off a
little of the liquid from the lower layer into a thimble. Test it with a piece
of moist RED litmus paper. If it stays red, add 10 more mls of the sodium
hydroxide solution, invert funnel, swirl and vent until no more gas is given
off. Repeat this UNTIL the red litmus paper turns blue. At this stage, the
water solution is basic, the pseudoephedrine hydrochloride is in the free base
form, and is located entirely within the diethyl ether layer.

Draw off the lower water layer and discard it. Pour off the ether
layer into a beaker with 10 grams of anhydrous sodium sulfate. The sodium
sulfate is a drying agent and will remove most of the water that is in the
ether solution (very little really since ether is non polar and water is very
polar). Cap the beaker with a piece of saran wrap and let it sit in a well
ventilated COOL area overnite (not the fridge). Don't smoke within 2 miles of
this. Ether is FLAMMABLE and forms EXPLOSIVE peroxides which tend to
spontaneously detonate.

Decant off the ether into a dry round bottom flask. Heat this flask
over a pot of very hot water. This will take only a few minutes to evaporate.
You will be left with a clear syrupy liquid that looks like childrens tylenol
drops. This is the pure pseudoephedrine free base.


Production of methylamphetamine free base
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Add the 95% ethanol or everclear drop by drop until the sludge is
dissolved. It should go into solution very easily. I doubt it if many people
will be able to get 100% ethanol, but the purer the better, since trace
amounts of water inhibit the next step in the preparation.

Total volume should not exceed 50 mls at this point. You can make
the solution up to 50 mls if you wish. VERY carefully add 1 gram of sodium
borohydride to the solution, add the relux condensor to the top of the round
bottom flask, and start to boil the mixture (eg, on a hot plate...NOT on an
open flame. The cold water going thru the reflux condensor will keep the
ethanol from evaporating, ye

Kết quả (Anh) 2:

From: [d - e] at [unislc.slc.unisys.com] (Dale Clark)
Subject: Methamphetamine
Date: Mon, 14 Jun 1993 15:00:38 -0600 (MDT) -------- -------------------------- methamphetamine ----------------------- ----------- GENERAL INFO ------------ N (alpha) • With-methylbenzeneethanamine; HT, (alpha) -dimethylphenethylamine; HT-methylamphetamine; d-deoxyephedrine; d-desoxyephedrine; 1-phenyl-2- methylaminopropane; d-phenylisopropylmethylamine; methyl- (beta) - phenylisopropylamine; Norodin. C10 H15 N. Melting point 170-175F. Bitter taste. Soluble in water. Practically insoluble in ether. A 1% aqueous solution is neutral or slightly acid to litmus. STRUCTURE --------- ----- // || || ---- CH2CHCH3 // | - NHCH3 ---- COMMERCIAL DRUG NAMES --------------------- Amphedroxyn, Desfedrin, Desoxyfed, Desoxyn, Destim, Dexoval, DOE, Doxephrin, Drinalfa, Efroxine, Gerobit , Hiropon, Isophen, Madrine, Meth, Methampex, Methedrine, Methylisomyn, Pervitin, Semoxydrine, Soxysympamine, Syndrox, Tonedron. LD-50 ---- IP in mice: 70 mg / kg. ACTIONS ------- Dextroamphetamine Approximately twice as potent as is amphetamine and methamphetamine is intermediate in this respect. To some tầm, methamphetamine exerts pheripheral Fewer coal amphetamine effects. Specifically 'speed' Refers to only one amphetamine - Methadrine or Methamphetamine - Which was the during World War II first USED by Nazi soldiers to combat fatigue That resulted from fighting for days without sleep. Methamphetamine Which is a dopaminolytic agent decreases the transmission of dopamine, and blocks the re-uptake and release of dopamine and norepinephrine. The drug is well Absorbed from the Digestive tract, clinical effects Causing trong 30 minutes. Depending on strength, subjective and objective vài Reactions can last from hours to days vài. The drug can be taken orally, inhaled, or injected. Methamphetamine is a sympathomimetic amine am also with CNS stimulant activity. Peripheral actions include elevation of systolic and diastolic blood pressures and weak bronchodilator and Respiratory stimulant action. The primary site of metabolism in the liver is by aromatic hydroxylation, N-dealkylation and deamination. At Least seven metabolites past tense Identified in the urine. The Biologic half-life Đã Reported to be 4-5 hours. Excretion occurs primarily in the urine and is dependent on urine pH. Alkaline urine drug sẽ significantly tăng the half- life. Approximately 62% of an oral dose is eliminated in the urine trong first 24 hours, with Intact Approximately 1/3 as drug, and the Remainder as metabolites. Unlike cocaine and other CNS Stimulants nhất, methamphetamine induces tolerance. Tolerance develops slowly, but a progressive Increase in dosage can occur and Permits the eventual ingestion or injection of amounts greater than the hundredfold vài usual therapeutic dose. The tolerance develops to Various effects unequally compared That nervousness and sleeplessness persist and psychotoxic effects, như hallucinations and delusions unfortunately occur. Tuy nhiên, chẵn massive doses are rarely fatal. Chronic users have injected as much as 15,000 mg in 24 hours without observable illness. For neophytes, Tuy nhiên, rapid injection of 120 mg unfortunately be fatal, although some have survived 400 Individuals to 500 mg. Methamphetamine abusers are prone to accidents vì of the excitation and grandiosity Produced and the Accompanying Excessive fatigue of sleeplessness. IV administration unfortunately lead to serious antisocial behavior and can precipitate a schizophrenic episode. A paranoid Psychosis almost ineviably results from dragon-term use of high doses. The usual therapeutic dose is 20-25mg / day for behavioral syndrome Characterized by moderate to Severe distractibility, short Attention span, hyperactivity, emotional lability and impulsivity, 10 or 15 mg / day for the treatment of Obesity. DRUG interactions ----------------- Potentiates cyclic antidepressants. Methamphetamine shouldnt never be taken the during, or theo trong 14 days, the administration of MAO (monoamine oxidase inhibitors) or hypertensive crises sewing result. It is not advisable for persons with cũng glaucoma, advanced arteriosclerosis, symptomatic cardiovascular disease, moderate to Severe hypertension, or hyperthyroidism. CREATION PROCESS ---------------- Methamphetamine is the prepared by the catalytic hydrogenation of ephedrine in acetic acid, containing a small amount of perchloric acid as an activator. This process requires from 4 to 5 hours, although some say 6 to 8 hours, for completion. Methamphetamine be sewing am also the prepared by the reaction the between phenylacetone and methylamine, then the final reduction to methamphetamine. This process requires 6 to 8 hours from completion. Materials: 95-100% ethanol, Sodium Borohydride, 250 ml round bottom glass flask, reflux condenser, rubber tubing, Sudafed nasal decongestant capsules, glass funnel extraction, 1 molar sodium hydroxide, anhydrous sodium sulfate, diethyl ether, Safety goggles, Safety shield (plexiglass ... 1-2 "thick), Safety apron and gloves. It's am also advisable to have a dry chemical fire extinguisher available at all times. Blue and red litmus paper, and about a liter of saturated salt solution (1 gram per 23 mls). At ALL stages, Glassware shouldnt be kept very dry. Theory: You Will Perform a catalytic dehydrogenolysis on pseudoephedrine, converting it Into methylamphetamine (speed, ice, or glass are common names ). Structure of synthesis: This procedure is broken up Into two parts; 1) the production and purification of pseudoephedrine free base. 2) the production and purification of methylamphetamine free base. The production and purification of free base pseudoepehdrine ~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~ Method: Take 10 Sudafed capsules apart, and place the little round granules Into a clean dish. These granules chứa pseudoephedrine hydrochloride and inorganic filler. Crush the granules off until chúng no more than a very fine powder. I Suggest using the 100 milligram capsules at this point. Approximate yield end Will Be roughly 1 gram of product. Place 100 mls of room temperature water extraction Into the funnel, and Carefully add all of the powdder Into the funnel. Place a cap on the funnel, invert, and open the stopcock. MAKE SURE YOU ARE YOUR SAFETY Wearing Goggles AT THIS POINT! Swirl around the funnel to dissolve the material. There Will Be a the significant amount of undissolved white powder; do not be Concerned, this is inorganic filler. After 10 mins of shaking, dip a glass rod Into the liquid and touch the drop on the tip of the stirring rod to a piece of moist litmus paper BLUE. The litmus paper turns red where it shouldnt Đã touched. This means clustering solution is acidic là, and mà a Significant Proportion of the pseudoephedrine hydrochloride has in fact dissolved in the water. If the litmus paper has turned red, you can go on to the next step. If not, repeat 5 more minutes he shaking off until the litmus paper does turn red. Add 50 mls of diethyl ether to the separation funnel. BE VERY CAREFUL AT THIS STAGE. MAKE SURE YOU ARE WORKING IN A WELL ventilated AREA AND PLEASE DO NOT DO SOMETHING STUPID LIKE SMOKE OR Cigarettes WHAT WILL HAPPEN YOU deserve! The diethyl ether is less dense coal sẽ the water solution and float on top. Add 10 mls of the 1 molar sodium hydroxide, the funnel cap, invert and IMMEDIATELY release the stopcock to vent off the gas mà forms. Point the end of the funnel AWAY from your eyes! Periodically swirl and vent the funnel to release any gas. When no more gas is given off after venting, draw off a little of the liquid from the lower layer Into a thimble. Test it with a piece of moist litmus paper RED. If it stays red, add more 10 mls of the sodium hydroxide solution, invert the funnel, swirl and vent off until no more gas is given off. Repeat this litmus paper turns red UNTIL the blue. At this stage, the water solution is basic, the pseudoephedrine hydrochloride is in the free base form, and is located entirely diethyl ether layer trong. Draw off the lower water layer and discard it. Pour off the ether layer Into a beaker with 10 grams of anhydrous sodium sulfate. The sodium sulfate is a drying agent and sẽ remove không Most of the water in the ether solution (vì really very little ether is non polar and water is very polar). Cap the beaker with a piece of Saran wrap and let it sit in a well ventilated area Overnite COOL (not the fridge). Do not smoke within 2 miles of this. Ether is flammable and forms explosive peroxides mà Tend to spontaneously detonate. Decant off the ether Into a dry round bottom flask. Heat this flask over a pot of very hot water. This Will take only a FEW minutes to evaporate. You Will Be left with a clear syrupy liquid mà looks like childrens Tylenol drops. This is the pure pseudoephedrine free base. Production of methylamphetamine free base ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~ Add the 95% ethanol or everclear drop by drop off until the sludge is dissolved. It shouldnt go very Easily Into solution. I Doubt it if many people ' Will Be Able to get 100% ethanol, but the purer the better, vì trace amounts of water inhibit the next step in the Preparation. Total volume shouldnt Exceed 50 mls at this point. You can make the solution up to 50 mls if you wish. VERY Carefully add 1 gram of sodium borohydride to the solution, add the relux condensor to the top of the round bottom flask, and start to boil the mixture (eg, on a hot plate ... NOT on an open flame. The cold water going thru the reflux condensor sẽ keep the alcohol from evaporating, ye