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Jasmonates also increase the production of secondary metabolites that play a role in plant defenses. The plant defense response may be direct or indirect. Direct regulation is accomplished by production of phytochemicals that negatively affect the plant attacker, its feeding, growth, or reproduction. For example, upon feeding by an attacking herbivore, a plant may produce proteinase inhibitors or polyphenoloxidases which reduce the digestibility of the plant tissue. Indirect regulation comes via an interaction of the host, the herbivore, and an enemy of the herbivore, such as a predator or a parasite. When caterpillars feed on certain plants, the plant responds by producing terpenoids in response to fatty acid amide elicitors in the secretions of the feeding caterpillar (Fig. 2.3). The terpenoids released by the plant allow caterpillar parasites, such as parasitic wasps, to locate the caterpillar.
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