Rule-based mistakes are difficult to avoid and then difficult todetect. Once the situation has been classified, the selection of theappropriate rule is often straightforward. But what if the classificationof the situation is wrong? This is difficult to discover becauseThere is usually considerable evidence to support the erroneousclassification of the situation and the choice of rule. In complexsituations, the problem is too much information: information thatboth supports the decision and also contradicts it. In the face oftime pressures to make a decision, it is difficult to know whichevidence to consider, which to reject. People usually decide by takingthe current situation and matching it with something that happenedearlier. Although human memory is quite good at matchingexamples from the past with the present situation, this doesn'tmean that the matching is accurate or appropriate. The matchingis biased by recency, regularity, and uniqueness. Recent events areremembered far better than less recent ones. Frequent eventsare remembered through their regularities, and unique events areremembered because of their uniqueness. But suppose the currentevent is different from all that has been experienced before: peopleare still apt to find some match in memory to use as a guide. Thesame powers that make us so good at dealing with the commonand the unique lead to severe error with novel events
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