Spoiled food 6.2.1
Spoiled food can be caused by changes in the microbes, chemistry, or physics. In which microbiological reasons, in many cases, is the main cause. Microorganisms grow while preserving the product can cause damage and can also infect humans use. So the calculation processing always designed to destroy many microorganisms as possible during processing. If the product is not sterile, the conditions for packaging and storage should also be carefully considered to limit the growth of microorganisms.
6.2.2 Differences of pasteurized and UHT
Pasteurized and sterilized are identical heat treatment processes are typically applied in the processing of different products, but the purpose of the application as well as its impact on the product. Pasteurization is performed at temperatures below 100 degrees C. The main objective is to destroy pathogenic microorganisms to produce safe products. Besides, pasteurization also destroys a large part of spoilage microorganisms and as a result of the product shelf life is extended. Pasteurization does not completely destroy microorganisms, particularly bacteria spores. Therefore, the pasteurized food products are often stored in cold conditions. Sterilization is the process of heat treatment more powerful, destroying all living cells and microbial spores. For example, sterilization is used for the production of canned fish. Canned products have a long shelf life, can be more than 1 year, and does not need to be stored in cold conditions. However, because sterilization is heat treated at a high level should also cause nutrient loss and reduced quality more sense.
6.2.3 The water phase of the
water can exist in three different phases of liquid water , ice and steam depending on conditions of temperature and pressure. We can increase or decrease the temperature of the water by supplying heat (energy) into heat or get out of it. We also can move from phase to phase and by analogy the other.
For example, at atmospheric pressure, to be able to move liquid water into steam we need water heated to 100 degrees Celsius, the water will start boil. In the process of boiling water (also known as evaporation), ie water from liquid to vapor phase change, constant temperature (always maintained at 100 degrees C). When all the liquid into steam that we continue to provide heat to the temperature will rise slightly then on.
To turn liquid water into ice, we need to lower the temperature of the water down (ie taking heat out) and country winter cold start (transition from liquid to solid) when the temperature is lowered to 0 degrees C. in the process of freezing (crystallization), the temperature of the water is not changed and kept at 0 degrees C. when all the water have freezing temperatures then the stone will fall further if we continue to take the heat away (eg ice in the freezing compartment of the refrigerator, water will crystallize into ice and then heat the stones will fall salons temperatures reach the freezing compartment there).
6.2.4 drying fruit
One of the popular fruit products is very convenient and dried fruit products. Fresh fruits provide many essential nutrients for human health, such as vitamins, antioxidant compounds and fiber. However, fresh fruits usually do not last long so preserved to serve the needs of the market in the off-season months
away from areas where cultivation, it is processed into various products and one of the types of products processed fruit products is important dried fruits.
drying is the process of using heat in controlled conditions to remove water from the fruit. As a result of the product water activity decreased make products last longer preserved. Due to the removal of water, so drying will reduce the mass and volume of fruits and this reduces the costs of storage, transportation and distribution of products.
Drying fruit and freshness losing certain level reduces the nutritional value and organoleptic characteristics. However, fruit drying can create different products cater to consumers as well as for the processing to produce other products.
6.2.5 The difference between the moisture content and water activity
when it comes to the durability of food products, the technology often used the term water activity rather than moisture content. These two values are related to each other but not identical. Moisture content is the number of grams of water per 100 grams of product. Water activity is determined by the ratio of water vapor pressure of the food balance and equilibrium vapor pressure of pure water at the same temperature measurement. Water activity can be seen as the availability of water for the growth of microorganisms and the chemical reaction or by enzyme-catalyzed reactions occur.
These two products have the same moisture content will have the not the same durable preserved if different water activity. For example, the same at 10% moisture, powder milk will spoil very quickly and while soybeans very reliable because water activity of the formula will be much higher.
The processing can reduce water activity include drying, concentration, evaporation, adding solutes (such as sugar, salt), and frozen. Thus the manufacturing process such as
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