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Origo Gentium Langobardum
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Tacitus' Germania in English and Latin
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Against the Heathen
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Ingimund´s Invasion
The King´s Mirror
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Sigurd the Dragon–Slayer
Song and Legend from the Middle Ages
Theoderic
Icelandic Sagas vol 3
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Heroes of the Olden Time
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Proverbs in the Old Icelandic Sagas
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Haraldr the Hard–Ruler
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© 2009 New Northvegr Center.
The Invasion of Europe by the Barbarians

LECTURE 1

THE GERMANS AND THEIR WANDERINGS

EARLY GERMAN HISTORY---WEST GERMANS AND EAST GERMANS---POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS OF THE GERMANS---EARLY GOTHIC MIGRATIONS

EARLY GERMAN HISTORY

The present series of lectures is designed to give a broad and general view of the long sequence of the migratory movements of the northern barbarians which began in the third and fourth centuries A.D. and cannot be said to have terminated till the ninth. This long process shaped Europe into its present form, and it must be grasped in its broad outlines in order to understand the framework of modern Europe.

There are two ways in which the subject may be treated, two points of view from which the sequence of changes which broke up the Roman Empire may be regarded. We may look at the process, in the earliest and most important stage, from the point of view of the Empire which was being dismembered or from that of the barbarians who were dismembering it. We may stand in Rome and watch the strangers sweeping over her provinces; or we may stand east of the Rhine and north of the Danube, amid the forests of Germany, and follow the fortunes of the men who issued thence, winning new habitations and entering on a new life. Both methods have been followed by modern writers. Gibbon and many others have told the story from the side of the Roman Empire, but all the principal barbarian peoples---not only those who founded permanent states, but even those who formed only transient kingdoms---have had each its special historian. One naturally falls into the habit of contemplating these events from the Roman side because the early part of the story has come down to us in records which were written from the Roman side. We must, however, try to see things from both points of view.

The barbarians who dismembered the Empire were mainly Germans. It is not till the sixth century that people of another race---the Slavs---appear upon the scene. Those who approach for the first time the study of the beginnings of medieval history will probably find it difficult to group and locate clearly in their minds the multitude of Germanic peoples who surge over the scene in distracting confusion. The apparent confusion vanishes, of course, with familiarity, and the movements fall into a certain order. But at the very outset the study of the period may be simplified by drawing a line of division within the Germanic world. This capital line of division is geographical, but it has its basis in historical facts. It is the distinction of the West Germans from the East Germans. To understand this division we must go back for a moment into the early history of the Germans.

WEST GERMANS AND EAST GERMANS

In the second millennium B.C. the homes of the Germanic peoples were in southern Scandinavia, in Denmark, and in the adjacent lands between the Elbe and the Oder. East of them beyond the Oder were Baltic or Lettic peoples, who are now represented by Lithuanians and Letts. The lands west of the Elbe, to the Rhine, were occupied by Celts.

After 1000 B.C. a double movement of expansion began. The Germans between the Oder and the Elbe pressed westward, displacing the Celts. The boundary between the Celts and Germans advanced to the west, and by about 200 B.C. it had been pushed forward to the Rhine, and southward to the Main. Throughout this period the Germans had been also pressing up the Elbe. Soon after 100 B.C. southern Germany had been occupied, and they were attempting to flood Gaul. This inundation was stemmed by Julius Ceasar. Now all these peoples who expanded over western Germany from their original seats between the Oder and Elbe we will class as the West Germans.

The other movement was a migration from Scandinavia to the opposite coasts of the Baltic, between the Oder and the Vistula, and ultimately beyond the Vistula. This migration seems to have taken place at a later period than the beginning of the expansion of the West Germans. It is placed by a recent authority, Kossinna, in the later bronze period, between 600 and 300 B.C. (1) By the latter date they seem to have pressed right up to the Vistula to the neighbourhood of the Carpathians. These comers from Scandinavia formed a group which in dialect and customs may be distinguished from the West Germans, as well as in their geographical position; and we designate them as East Germans. The distinction is convenient because the historical roles of these two divisions of the German race were different. There is also a third division, the North Germans of Scandinavia; but with them we are not concerned.

In the period with which we have to do, the West Germans are comparatively settled geographically, whereas the East Germans are migratory. Now it is not difficult to understand why this is so. All the ancient Germans were shepherds and hunters. They had some agriculture before the time of Julius Ceasar, but not much. Central Europe till well into the Middle Ages consisted largely of dense forests and marshlands. There were, however, districts free from wood, and the absence of wood was the circumstance which largely determined the early settlements of the Germans. Geographers are able to fix the position of such tracts of steppe land by means of the remains of steppe plants---plants which cannot live either in the forest or on cultivated soil---and also by the remains of animals which are characteristic of the steppe. Cases of such land, for instance, are the plain of the upper Rhine and the eastern portion of the Harz district.

When a people settled down in such a district they could live, as a rule peaceably and contentedly, on their flocks and herds, until their numbers began to increase considerably. Then their pasture land, limited by the surrounding forests, became insufficient, and presently the food question grew pressing. There were three solutions open: they might take to agriculture, which would enable them to support a far larger population in the same area; they might extend their pasturage by clearing the forest; or they might reduce their superfluity of population by emigrating. The third resource was that which they regularly adopted; the other two were opposed to their nature and instincts. A portion would emigrate and seize a new habitation elsewhere. This, of course, meant war and conquest. This process went on at the expense of the Celts until Central Europe became entirely Germanised. They would then have naturally advanced westward or southward, but the Roman power hindered them. Thus the Western Germans, having no further room for expansion, shut in on the east by their own kinsfolk who were tightly packed, on the west and south by the Roman Empire, were forced to find another solution for the food question. Perforce they took to tilling the land. We have direct evidence for this important change in their habits. Ceasar describes the Germans as mainly a pastoral people: they did practise agriculture, b

Kết quả (Anh) 1:

The Northern WayHOME OUR PHILOSOPHY CONTACT US SPONSORSSourcesPRIMARY SOURCESThe EddasThe Poetic Edda (Bellows, 1923)The Poetic Edda (Cottle 1797)The Poetic Edda (Thorpe 1866)The Prose Edda (Brodeur)Hávamál-Palm OS (Auden & Taylor 1969) Histories & Chronicles The Anglo-saxon ChronicleBede's Ecclesiastical History of EnglandCaesar's Commentaries on the Gallic and Civil wars GutasagaHistory of the FranksHistory of the LombardsLife of CharlemagneThe Life of King AlfredThe Life of St. EligiusOrigo Gentium LangobardumThe Origins and Deeds of the GothsTacitus ' Germania in English and LatinThe Works of GildasSagas and EpicsIcelandic Family SagasKings ' SagasLegendary, Herioc and Imaginative SagasEpic PoetryMiscellaneousOld Icelandic, Old English, TextsIn Old Saxon HeliandThe Poetic Edda in Old IcelandicThe Prose Edda in Old IcelandicSagas and Tales in Old IcelandicSelected Corpus oof Anglo-Saxon PoetryMisc Primary SourcesAgainst the HeathenAnglo-saxon Metrical CharmsConversionsDe Correctione RusticorumFirst and Second Merseburg CharmsIngimund ´ s InvasionThe King ´ s MirrorLokka TátturMisc. Lore TranslationsOmont FragmentThe Rune PoemsSigurd the Dragon-SlayerSong and Legend from the Middle AgesTheodericIcelandic Sagas vol 3Stories and Ballads of the far pastViking TalesSECONDARY SOURCESEddic PoetryThe Elder EddaThe Home of the Eddic LaysThe VöluspáFinnish TraditionThe KalevalaFolklore and Fairy TalesContributions to the Study of OdinFairy Tales of Hans Christian AndersonGrimms ' Household TalesLoke in Younger TraditionThe Norse King's BridalPopular tales from the NorseSummer LegendsGermanic StudiesThe Early Kings of NorwayGuthones (The Goths)A History of the VikingsHonor in German LiteratureThe Invasion of Europe by the BarbariansThe Roman and the TeutonIndo-European and General MedievalPaganism and Pagan Survivals in SpainThe SwastikaLaw and EthicsThe Anglo-Saxon DoomsGermanic Laws and Medieval DocumentsCorpus juris Sueogotorum antiquiThe Law of the Salian FranksLex FrisionumThe Visigothic CodeMiscellaneous Law TextsMythologyGrimm's Teutonic MythologyReligion, Culture and HistoryThe Cult of NerthusThe Cult of OthinThe Culture of the TeutonsThe Religion of the NorthmenThe Religion of Ancient ScandinaviaModern Retellings and PoetryAngliadBaldur DeadHeroes of the Olden TimeThe Norse King's BridalRunesRunes around the North Sea and on the ContinentSwedish Vikings in EnglandSaga StudiesProverbs in the Old Icelandic SagasThe Icelandic SagasSkaldic PoetryHaraldr the Hard-RulerPoetical inspiration in Old Norse and Old English poetrySkaldic Verse and Anglo-Saxon HistorySkaldic Versifying and Social Discrimination in Medieval IcelandMisc Secondary SourcesViktor RydbergViking Society for Northern ResearchBack Issues of Saga-BookOld-Lore MiscellanyGrimm CentenaryLinksThe Avalon ProjectThe Doner InstituteTjatsi© 2009 New Northvegr Center.The Invasion of Europe by the BarbariansLECTURE 1THE GERMANS AND THEIR WANDERINGSEARLY GERMAN HISTORY---WEST GERMANS AND EAST GERMANS---POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS OF THE GERMANS---EARLY GOTHIC MIGRATIONSEARLY GERMAN HISTORYThe present series of lectures is designed to give a broad and general view of the long sequence of the migratory movements of the northern barbarians which began in the third and fourth centuries A.D. and cannot be said to have terminated till the ninth. This long process shaped Europe into its present form, and it must be grasped in its broad outlines in order to understand the framework of modern Europe.There are two ways in which the subject may be treated, two points of view from which the sequence of changes which broke up the Roman Empire may be regarded. We may look at the process, in the earliest and most important stage, from the point of view of the Empire which was being dismembered or from that of the barbarians who were dismembering it. We may stand in Rome and watch the strangers sweeping over her provinces; or we may stand east of the Rhine and north of the Danube, amid the forests of Germany, and follow the fortunes of the men who issued thence, winning new habitations and entering upon a new life. Both methods have been followed by modern writers. Gibbon and many others have told the story from the side of the Roman Empire, but all the principal barbarian peoples –-– not only those who founded the permanent states, but even those who only well-formed transient kingdoms---have had each its special historian. One naturally falls into the habit of contemplating these events from the Roman side because the early part of the story has come down to us in records which were written from the Roman side. We must, however, try to see things from both points of view.The barbarians who dismembered the Empire were mainly Germans. It is not till the sixth century that people of another race---the Slavs---appear upon the scene. Those who approach for the first time, the study of the beginnings of medieval history will probably find it difficult to group and locate clearly in their minds the multitude of Germanic peoples who surge over the scene in distracting confusion. The apparent confusion vanishes, of course, with familiarity, and the movements of fall into a certain order. But at the very outset of the study of the period may be simplified by drawing a line of division within the Germanic world. This capital line of division is geographical, but it has its basis in historical facts. It is the distinction of the West Germans from the East Germans. To understand this division we must go back for a moment into the early history of the Germans. WEST GERMANS AND EAST GERMANSIn the second millennium B.C. the homes of the Germanic peoples were in southern Scandinavia, in Denmark, and in the adjacent lands between the Elbe and the Oder. East of them beyond the Oder were Baltic peoples, who are now Lettic or represented by Lithuanians and Letts. The lands west of the Elbe, to the Rhine, were occupied by the Celts.After 1000 B.C. a double movement of expansion began. The Germans between the Oder and the Elbe pressed westward, displacing the Celts. The boundary between the Celts and Germans advanced to the west, and by about 200 B.C. it had been pushed forward to the Rhine, and southward to the Main. Throughout this period the Germans had been also pressing up the Elbe. Soon after 100 B.C. southern Germany had been occupied, and they were attempting to flood Gaul. This inundation was stemmed by Julius Ceasar. Now all these peoples who expanded over western Germany from their original seats between the Oder and Elbe we will class as the West Germans.The other movement was a migration from Scandinavia to the opposite coasts of the Baltic, between the Oder and the Vistula, and ultimately beyond the Vistula. This migration seems to have taken place at a later period than the beginning of the expansion of the West Germans. It is placed by a recent authority, Kossinna, in the later bronze period, between 600 and 300 B.C. (1) By the latter date they seem to have pressed right up to the Vistula to the neighbourhood of the Carpathians. These comers from Scandinavia formed a group which in dialect and customs may be distinguished from the West Germans, as well as in their geographical position; and we designate them as East Germans. The distinction is convenient because the historical roles of these two divisions of the German race were different. There is also a third division, the North Germans of Scandinavia; but with them we are not concerned.In the period with which we have to do, the West Germans are comparatively settled geographically, whereas the East Germans are migratory. Now it is not difficult to understand why this is so. All the ancient Germans were shepherds and hunters. They had some agriculture before the time of Julius Ceasar, but not much. Central Europe till well into the Middle Ages consisted largely of dense forests and marshlands. There were, however, districts free from wood, and the absence of wood was the circumstance which largely determined the early settlements of the Germans. Geographers are able to fix the position of such tracts of steppe land by means of the remains of steppe plants---plants which cannot live either in the forest or on cultivated soil---and also by the remains of animals which are characteristic of the steppe. Cases of such land, for instance, are the plain of the upper Rhine and the eastern portion of the Harz district.When a people settled down in such a district they could live, as a rule peaceably and contentedly, on their flocks and herds, until their numbers began to increase considerably. Then their pasture land, limited by the surrounding forests, became insufficient, and presently the food question grew pressing. There were three solutions open: they might take to agriculture, which would enable them to support a far larger population in the same area; they might extend their pasturage by clearing the forest; or they might reduce their superfluity of population by emigrating. The third resource was that which they regularly adopted; the other two were opposed to their nature and instincts. A portion would emigrate and seize a new habitation elsewhere. This, of course, meant war and conquest. This process went on at the expense of the Celts until Central Europe became entirely Germanised. They would then have naturally advanced westward or southward, but the Roman power hindered them. Thus the Western Germans, having no further room for expansion, shut in on the east by their own kinsfolk who were tightly packed, on the west and south by the Roman Empire, were forced to find another solution for the food question. Perforce they took to tilling the land. We have direct evidence for this important change in their habits. Ceasar describes the Germans as mainly a pastoral people: they did practise agriculture, b

Kết quả (Anh) 2:

The Northern Way
HOME OUR PHILOSOPHY CONTACT US Sponsors
Sources PRIMARY SOURCES The Eddas The Poetic Edda (Bellows 1923) The Poetic Edda (Cottle 1797) The Poetic Edda (Thorpe 1866) The Prose Edda (Brodeur) Havamal - Palm OS (Auden & Taylor 1969 ) Histories & Chronicles The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle Bede's Ecclesiastical History of England Caesar's Commentaries on the Gallic and Civil wars Gutasaga History of the Franks History of the Lombards Life of Charlemagne The Life of King Alfred The Life of St Eligius Origo Gentium Langobardum The Origins and Deeds of the Goths Tacitus' Germania in English and Latin The Works of Gildas Sagas and epics Icelandic Sagas Family Kings' Sagas Legendary, Herioc and Imaginative Sagas Epic Poetry Miscellaneous Old Icelandic, Old English, Texts Heliand print Old Saxon Poetic Edda The print Old Icelandic The Prose Edda print Old Icelandic Sagas and Tales print Old Icelandic Selected Corpus oof Anglo-Saxon Poetry Misc Primary Sources Against the Heathen Anglo-Saxon Metrical Charms Conversions De Correctione Rusticorum First and Second Merseburg Charms Ingimund's Invasion The King's Mirror Lokka Tattur Misc. Lore Translations Omont Fragment The Rune Poems Sigurd the Dragon-Slayer Song and Legend from the Middle Ages Theoderic Icelandic Sagas vol 3 Stories and Ballads of the far past Viking Tales SECONDARY SOURCES Eddic Poetry The Elder Edda The Home of the Eddic Lays The Voluspa Finnish Tradition The Kalevala Folklore and Fairy Tales Contributions to the Study of Odin Fairy Tales of Hans Christian Anderson Grimms' Household Tales Loke print Younger Tradition The Norse King's Bridal Popular Tales from the Norse Summer Legends Germanic Studies The Early Kings of Norway Guthones (The Goths) A History of the Vikings Honor Literature German print The Invasion of Europe by the Barbarians The Roman and the Teuton Indo-European and General medieval paganism and Pagan survivals print Spain The Swastika Law and Ethics The Anglo-Saxon Dooms Medieval Germanic Laws and Documents Corpus juris Sueogotorum antiqui The Law of the Salian Franks Lex Frisionum The Visigothic Code Miscellaneous Law Texts Mythology Grimm's Teutonic Mythology Religion, Culture and History The Cult of Nerthus The Cult of Othin The Culture of the Teutons The Religion of the Northmen The Religion of Ancient Scandinavia Modern Retellings and Poetry Angliad Balder Dead Heroes of the Olden Time The Norse King's Bridal Runes Runes around the North Sea and on the Continent Swedish Vikings print England Saga Studies Proverbs in the Old Icelandic Sagas The Icelandic Sagas Skaldic Poetry Haraldr the Hard-Ruler Poetical inspiration print Old Norse and Old English poetry Skaldic Verse and Anglo-Saxon History and Social Discrimination Versifying print Skaldic Medieval Iceland Misc Secondary Sources Viktor Rydberg Viking Society for Northern Research Back Issues of Saga-Book Old-Lore Miscellany Grimm Centenary Links The Avalon Project The Doner Institute Tjatsi © 2009 New Northvegr Center. The Invasion of Europe by the Barbarians Lecture 1 THE Germans WANDERINGS Their AND EARLY GERMAN HISTORY --- WEST AND EAST Germans Germans Germans --- --- Political INSTITUTIONS OF THE EARLY MIGRATIONS GOTHIC EARLY GERMAN HISTORY The present series of lectures is to give a broad kế and general view of the long sequence of the Migratory Movements of the northern barbarians in the third Began mà and fourth centuries AD and can not be said to have terminated till the ninth. This dragon shaped Europe process Into its present form, and it Phải grasped its print để broad outlines the framework of modern hiểu Europe. There are two Ways chứa subject lẽ Treated, two points of view from đó sequence of changes broke up the Roman Empire mà lẽ Regarded. We look at the process unfortunately, in the earliest and nhất important, stage, from the point of view of the Empire was being dismembered or mà from the barbarians who là của dismembering it. We unfortunately stand in Rome and watch the strangers sweeping over her Artist tỉnh; We sew or stand east of the Rhine and north of the Danube, amid the forests of Germany, and follow the fortunes of the men who Issued thence, winning new habitations and entering on a new life. Both methods followed by modern writers được. Gibbon and many others have Told the story from the side of the Roman Empire, but all the principal barbarian peoples --- not only Those Who Founded permanent states, but only transient thậm Those Who formed kingdoms --- have each its special hda historian . One naturally falls Into the habit of contemplating events from the Roman side những vì early part of the story has come down to us print records from the Roman mà là ghi side. We phải, Tuy nhiên, try to see things from cả points of view. The barbarians who dismembered the Empire là mainly Germans. It is not till the sixth century People of another race mà --- --- vẻ the Slavs upon the scene. Those who approach for the first time the study of the beginnings of medieval history will find it khó lẽ to group and locate the Minds Clearly trong multitude of Germanic peoples who surge over the scene print distracting confusion. The apparent confusion vanishes, of course, with familiarity, and the Movements Fall Into A Certain order. But at the very outset the study of the period by drawing a simplified lẽ line of division trong Germanic world. This capital line of division is geographical, but it has its basis historical facts printed. It is the Distinction of the West Germans from the East Germans. To hiểu this division must go back chúng for a moment Into the early history of the Germans. WEST AND EAST Germans Germans In the second millennium BC the homes of the Germanic peoples print là southern Scandinavia, Denmark print, and in the adjacent lands giữa Elbe and the Oder. East of added beyond the Oder là or Lettic Baltic peoples, who are now represented by Lithuanians and Letts. The lands west of the Elbe, to the Rhine, là Occupied by Celts. After 1000 BC a double movement of expansion Began. The Germans giữa Oder and the Elbe pressed westward, displacing the Celts. The Celts and Germans boundary giữa advanced to the west, and by about 200 BC it pushed forward to the hda được Rhine, and Southward to the Main. Had the Germans throughout this period được am also pressing up the Elbe. Soon after 100 BC Southern Germany Had Been Occupied, and They were thử flood Gaul. This inundation was stemmed by Julius Caesar. Now all những peoples who expanded over western Germany from original chúng Oder and Elbe seats giữa We will class as the West Germans. The other was a migration from Scandinavia movement to the opposite coasts of the Baltic, the between the Oder and the Vistula, and ultimately beyond the Vistula. Seems to have taken this migration at a later period place the beginning of the expansion of coal of the West Germans. It is đặt by a recent authority, Kossinna, bronze in the later period, the between 600 and 300 BC (1) By the latter date the seem to have pressed chúng right up to the Vistula to the neighborhood of the Carpathians. These comers from Scandinavia formed a group dialect and Customs mà print lẽ distinguished from the West Germans, as well as trong geographical position; and East Germans as chúng Designated added. The Distinction is convenient vì những historical roles of two divisions of the German race khác là. There is also a third division, the North Germans of Scandinavia; but with added We Are Concerned not. In the period with mà WE HAVE TO do, the West Germans are comparatively Settled geographically, the East Germans are Migratory còn. Now it is not Difficult to hiểu why this is so. All the ancient Germans shepherds and hunters là. They Had some time of Agriculture trước Julius Caesar, but not much. Central Europe Middle Ages till well vào consisted largely of dense forests and marshlands. There were, Tuy nhiên, districts free from wood, and the Absence of wood was largely the Circumstance mà định the early Settlements of the Germans. Geographers are thể fix the position of such 'steppe tracts of land by means clustering of the Remains of steppe plants can not live mà --- plants in the forest or on hoặc cultivated soil --- and am also by the Remains of animals mà characteristic of the steppe. Cases of such 'land, for instance, are the plain of the upper Rhine and the eastern portion of the Harz district. When a people Settled down print chúng Such a district could live, as a rule peaceably and contentedly, flocks and herds on chúng, Began to ask for their purchase until tăng numbers considerably. Then ask for their pasture land, limited by the surrounding forests, became đủ, and presently the food Grew pressing question. There were three open solutions: They might, take to Agriculture, mà would enable to support a far larger added in the same area population; They might, extend by clearing the forest pasturage có; Reduce or ask for their chúng superfluity of population might, by emigrating. The third resource was mà mà chúng regularly Adopted; the other two là có opposed to nature and instincts. A portion would emigrate elsewhere and Seize a new Habitation. This, of course, war and conquest muốn. This process at the expense Went on an until Central Europe of the Celts became entirely Germanised. They would then have naturally advanced westward or Southward, but the Roman power hindered added. Thì the Western Germans, having no further room for expansion, on the east by shut ins Their Own kinsfolk who là tightly packed, on the west and south by the Roman Empire, forced to find another solution là for the food question. Perforce took to tilling the land chúng. We have direct Evidence for this important, trong Habits change. Caesar diễn tả the Germans as mainly a pastoral People: They did PRACTISE Agriculture, b