Crossing border 4.3 gaining cultura

Crossing border 4.3 gaining cultural awareness in 17th-and 18-th century England:the grand tour
Gaining cultural awareness has been a centuries-old need for anyone involved in international relations.The concept of the grand tour,a term first applied over 300 years ago in England ,was,by 1706,firmly established as the ideal preparation for solidiers,diplomats ,and civil servants.It was seen as the best means of imparting to young men of fortune a modicum of taste and knowledge of other countries .By the summer of 1785 , 40000 english was estimated to be on the continent
The grand tourist was expected to conduct a systematic survey of each country’s language,history,geography,clothes ,food,customs,politics,and laws.In particularly,he was to study its most important buildings and their valuable contents ,and he was encouraged to collect prints ,paintings,drawings,and sculpture .All this could not be achieved in a few weeks ,and several years were to lapse before some tourist saw England ‘s shores again.Vast sums of money were spent times ,touring was not the relatively secure affair of today .If the grand tourist managed to avoid the pirates of Dunkirk ,he then had to run a gauntlet of highwaymen on dutch roads ,thieves in Italy anf france .marauding packs of disbanded soldiery everywhere,and the inquisition in spain ,to say nothing of ravenous wolves and dogs
He had to be self-contained ;he cried with him not only the obligatory sword and pistols but also a box of medicines as well as apices and condiments ,a means of securing hotel rooms at night and an overall to protect his clothes while in bed .. At the end of these Grand Tours, many returned with as many as 800 or 900 pieces of baggage. These collections of art, sculpture and writings can be seen today in many of the mansions throughout the British Isles.Nowadays, more than 150 000 American college students go on their own international ‘road trips’ in the form of study abroad programs. This is double the number of 10 years ago. And a like number of Chinese are now studying abroad as well. A jolly good show!
Factual versus interpretive knowledge
Frequently, factual knowledge101 has meaning as a straightforward fact about a culture but assumes additional significance when interpreted within the context of the culture. For example, that Mexico is 98 per cent Roman Catholic is an important bit of factual knowledge. But equally important is the meaning of being a Catholic within Mexican culture versus being Catholic in Spain or Italy. Each culture practices Catholicism in a slightly different way. For example, All Souls’ Day is an important celebration among some Catholic countries. In Mexico, however, the celebration receives special emphasis. The Mexican observance is a unique combination of pagan (mostly Indian) influence and Catholic tradition. On the Day of the Dead, as All Souls’ Day is called by many in Mexico, it is believed that the dead return to feast. Hence many Mexicans visit the graves of their departed, taking the dead’s favourite foods to place on the graves for them to enjoy. Prior to All Souls’ Day, bakeries pile their shelves with bread shaped like bones and coffins, and candy stores sell sugar skulls and other special treats to commemorate the day. As the souls feast on the food, so do the living celebrants. Although the prayers, candles and the idea of the soul are Catholic, the idea of the dead feasting is pre-Christian Mexican. Thus a Catholic in Mexico observes All Souls’ Day quite differently from a Catholic in Spain. The interpretive, as well as factual, knowledge about religion in Mexico is necessary to fully understand this part of Mexican culture Interpretive knowledge requires a degree of insight that may best be described as a feeling
Thought processes
We are now learning in much more detail the degree to which ways of thinking vary across cultures. Richard Nisbett in his book The Geography of Thought100 broadly discusses differences in ‘Asian and Western’ thinking. He starts with Confucius
and Aristotle and develops his arguments through consideration of historical and philosophical writings and findings from more recent behavioural science research including his own social-psychological experiments. While he acknowledges the
dangers surrounding generalisations about Japanese, Chinese and Korean cultures, on the one hand, and Western cultures, on the other, many of his conclusions are consistent with research related to international negotiations, cultural values and linguistic distance
Cultural knowledge
There are two kinds of knowledge about cultures. One is factual knowledge about a culture; it is usually obvious and must be learned. Different meanings of colours, different tastes and other traits indigenous to a culture are fact that a marketer can anticipate, study and absorb. The other is interpretive knowledge—an ability to understand and to appreciate fully the nuances of different cultural traits and patterns. For example, the meaning of time, attitudes toward other people and certain objects, the understanding of one’s role in society and the meanings of life can differ considerably from one culture to another and may require more than factual knowledge to be fully appreciated. In this case, interpretive knowledge is also necessary
CROSSING BORDER 4.4
We must not make value judgments as to whether cultural behaviour is good or bad, better or worse. There is no cultural right or wrong, just difference.People around the world feel as strongly about their cultures as we do about ours. Every country thinks its culture is the best, and for every foreign peculiarity that amuses us, there is an Australian peculiarity that amuses others. The Chinese tell dog jokes, reflecting their amazement that Westerners could feel the way they do about an animal that the Chinese consider better for eating than petting. (Actually, with growing affluence in China, dogs are surviving as pets more frequently, and pet food sales have increased 70 per cent over the last five years.) And sometimes people are surprised that the French take their dogs to the finest restaurants, where the dogs themselves might be served sitting at the table.Sources: Lennie Copeland and Lewis Griggs, Going International, Plume, New York, 1997, p. 7; ‘Bill Would Ban Killing Dogs for Human Consumption’, Associated Press, 12 February 2005.
Cultural sensitivity and tolerance
Successful international marketing begins with cultural sensitivity—being attuned to the nuances of culture so that a new culture can be viewed objectively, evaluated and appreciated. Cultural sensitivity, or cultural empathy, must be carefully cultivated. Perhaps the most important step is the recognition that cultures are not right or wrong, better or worse; they are simply different. As mentioned previously, for every amusing, annoying, peculiar or repulsive cultural trait we find in a country, others see a similarly amusing, annoying or repulsive trait in our culture. For example, in some cultures people bathe, perfume and deodorise their bodies in a daily ritual that is seen in many other cultures as compulsive.Just because a culture is different does not make it wrong. Marketers must understand how their own cultures influence their assumptions about another culture. The more exotic the situation, the more sensitive, tolerant and flexible one needs to be. Being culturally sensitive will reduce conflict and improve communications and thereby increase success in collaborative relationships.Besides knowledge of the origins and elements of cultures, the international marketer also should have appreciation of how cultures change and accept or reject new ideas. Because the marketer usually is trying to introduce something completely new (such as e-trading), or to improve what is already in use, how cultures change and the manner in which resistance to change occurs should be thoroughly understood
Cultural change
Culture is dynamic in nature; it is a living process. But the fact that cultural change is constant seems paradoxical, because another important attribute of culture is that it is conservative and resists change. The dynamic character of culture is significant
in assessing new markets even though changes face resistance. Societies change in a variety of ways. Some have change thrust upon them by war (for example, the changes in Japan after the Second World War) or by natural disaster. More frequently, change is a result of a society seeking ways to solve the problems created by changes in its environment. It can be suggested that culture is the accumulation of a series of the best solutions to problems faced in common by members of a given society. In other words, culture is the means used in adjusting to the environmental and historical components of human existence.Accident has provided solutions to some problems; invention has solved many others. Usually, however, societies have found answers by looking to other cultures from which they can borrow ideas. Cultural borrowing is common to all cultures. Although each society has a few unique situations facing it (such as stomach cancer in Japan),102 most problems confronting all societies are similar in nature
Cultural borrowing
Cultural borrowing is a responsible effort to learn from others’ cultural ways in the quest for better solutions to a society’s particular problems. Thus, cultures unique in their own right are the result, in part, of imitating a diversity of others.103 Consider, for example, American (US) culture and a typical US citizen, who begins breakfast with an orange from the eastern Mediterranean, a cantaloupe from Persia or perhaps a piece of African watermelon. After her fruit and first coffee she goes on to waffles, cakes made by a Scandinavian technique from wheat domesticated in Asia Minor. Over these she pours maple syrup, discovered by the Indians of the eastern US woodlands. As a side dis

Kết quả (Anh) 1:

Crossing border 4.3 gaining cultural awareness in 17th-and 18th-th century England: the grand tourGaining cultural awareness has been a centuries-old need for anyone involved in international relations. The concept of the grand tour, a term first applied over 300 years ago in England, was, by 1706, firmly established as the ideal preparation for solidiers, diplomats, and civil servants. It was seen as the best means of imparting to young men of fortune a modicum of taste and knowledge of other countries. By the summer of 1785, 40000 in english was estimated to be on the continent The grand tourist was expected to conduct a systematic survey of each country's language, history, geography, clothes, food, customs, politics, and laws. In particularly, he was to study its most important buildings and their valuable contents, and he was encouraged to collect prints, paintings, drawings, and sculpture. All this could not be achieved in a few weeks, and several years were to lapse before some tourist saw England's shores again. Vast sums of money were spent times, touring was not the relatively secure affair of today. If the grand tourist managed to avoid the pirates of Dunkirk, he then had to run a gauntlet of highwaymen on dutch roads, thieves in Italy anf france. marauding packs of soldiery disbanded everywhere, and the inquisition in spain, to say nothing of ravenous wolves and dogsHe had to be self-contained; he cried with him not only the obligatory sword and pistols but also a box of medicines as well as apices and condiments, a means of securing hotel rooms at night and an overall to protect his clothes while in bed. At the end of these Grand Tours, many returned with as many as 800 or 900 pieces of baggage. These collections of art, sculpture and writings can be seen today in many of the mansions throughout the British Isles ... Nowadays, more than 150 000 American college students go on their own international ' road trips ' in the form of study abroad programs. This is double the number of 10 years ago. And a like number of Chinese are now studying abroad as well. A jolly good show!Factual versus interpretive knowledgeFrequently, factual knowledge101 has meaning as a straightforward fact about a culture but assumes additional significance when interpreted within the context of the culture. For example, that Mexico is 98 per cent Roman Catholic is an important bit of factual knowledge. But equally important is the meaning of being a Catholic within the Mexican culture versus being Catholic in Spain or Italy. Each culture practices Catholicism in a slightly different way. For example, the All Souls ' Day is an important celebration among some Catholic countries. In Mexico, however, the celebration receives special emphasis. The Mexican observance is a unique combination of pagan (mostly Indian) influence and Catholic tradition. On the Day of the Dead, as All Souls ' Day is called by many in Mexico, it is believed that the dead return to the feast. Hence many Mexicans visit the graves of their departed, taking the dead's favourite foods to place on the graves for them to enjoy. Prior to All Souls ' Day, bakeries pile their shelves with bread shaped like bones and coffins, and candy stores sell sugar skulls and other special treats to commemorate the day. As the souls feast on the food, so do the living celebrants. Although the prayers, candles and the idea of the soul are Catholic, the idea of the feasting dead is pre-Christian Mexican. Thus a Catholic in Mexico observes All Souls ' Day quite differently from a Catholic in Spain. The interpretive, as well as factual, knowledge about religion in Mexico is necessary to fully understand this part of Mexican culture Interpretive knowledge requires a degree of insight that may best be described as a feelingThought processesWe are now learning in much more detail the degree to which ways of thinking vary across cultures. Richard Nisbett in his book The Geography of Thought100 broadly discusses differences in ' Asian and Western ' thinking. He starts with Confuciusand Aristotle and develops his arguments through consideration of historical and philosophical writings and findings from more recent behavioural science research including his own social-psychological experiments. While he acknowledges the dangers surrounding generalisations about Japanese, Chinese and Korean cultures, on the one hand, and Western cultures, on the other, many of his conclusions are consistent with research related to international negotiations, cultural values and linguistic distance Cultural knowledgeThere are two kinds of knowledge about cultures. One is factual knowledge about a culture; It is usually obvious and must be learned. Different meanings of colours, different tastes and other traits indigenous to a culture are the fact that a marketer can anticipate, study and absorb. The other is interpretive knowledge — an ability to understand and to appreciate fully the nuances of different cultural traits and behavioral patterns. For example, the meaning of time, attitudes toward other people and certain objects, the understanding of one's role in society and the meanings of life can differ considerably from one culture to another and may require more than factual knowledge to be fully appreciated. In this case, the interpretive knowledge is also necessaryCROSSING BORDER 4.4We must not make value judgments as to whether cultural behaviour is good or bad, better or worse. There is no cultural right or wrong, just difference. People around the world feel as strongly about their cultures as we do about ours. Every country thinks its culture is the best, and for every foreign peculiarity that amuses us, there is an Australian peculiarity that amuses others. The Chinese tell dog jokes, reflecting their amazement that Westerners could feel the way they do about an animal that the Chinese consider better for eating than petting. (Actually, with growing affluence in China, dogs are surviving as pets more frequently, and pet food sales have increased by 70 per cent over the last five years.) And sometimes people are surprised that the French take their dogs to the finest restaurants, where the dogs themselves might be served sitting at the table. Sources: Lennie Copeland and Lewis Griggs, Going International, Plume, New York, 1997, p. 7; ' Bill Would Ban Killing Dogs for Human Consumption ', Associated Press, 12 February 2005.Cultural sensitivity and toleranceSuccessful international marketing begins with cultural sensitivity — being attuned to the nuances of culture so that a new culture can be viewed objectively, evaluated and appreciated. Cultural sensitivity, or cultural empathy, must be carefully cultivated. Perhaps the most important step is the recognition that cultures are not right or wrong, better or worse; they are simply different. As mentioned previously, for every amusing, annoying, peculiar or repulsive cultural trait we find in a country, others see a similarly amusing, annoying or repulsive trait in our culture. For example, in some cultures people bathe, perfume and deodorise their bodies in a daily ritual that is seen in many other cultures as compulsive. Just because a culture is different does not make it wrong. Marketers must understand how their own cultures influence their assumptions about another culture. The more exotic the situation, the more sensitive, tolerant and flexible one needs to be. Being culturally sensitive will reduce conflict and improve communications and thereby increase success in collaborative relationships. Besides knowledge of the origins and elements of cultures, the international marketer also should have appreciation of how cultures change and accept or reject new ideas. Because the marketer usually is trying to introduce something completely new (such as e-trading), or to improve what is already in use, how cultures change and the manner in which resistance to change occurs should be thoroughly understoodCultural changeCulture is dynamic in nature; It is a living process. But the fact that cultural change is constant seems paradoxical, because another important attribute of culture is that it is conservative and resists dishwasher effect change. The dynamic character of culture is significant in assessing new markets even though changes face resistance. Societies change in a variety of ways. Some have change thrust upon them by war (for example, the changes in Japan after the Second World War) or by natural disaster. More frequently, the change is a result of a society seeking ways to solve the problems created by changes in its environment. It can be suggested that culture is the accumulation of a series of the best solutions to problems faced in common by members of a given society. In other words, culture is the means used in adjusting to the environmental and historical components of human existence. Accident has provided solutions to some problems; invention has solved many others. Usually, however, societies have found answers by looking to other cultures from which they can borrow ideas. Cultural borrowing is common to all cultures. Although each society has a few unique situations facing it (such as stomach cancer in Japan),102 most problems societies are all creatures similar in natureCultural borrowingCultural borrowing is a responsible effort to learn from others ' cultural ways in the quest for better solutions to a society's particular problems. Thus, cultures unique in their own right are the result, in part, of imitating a diversity of others. 103 Consider, for example, American (US) culture and a typical US citizen, who begins breakfast with an orange from the eastern Mediterranean, a cantaloupe from Persia or perhaps a piece of African watermelon. After her fruit and first coffee she goes on to waffles, cakes made by a Scandinavian technique from wheat domesticated in Asia Minor. Over these she pours maple syrup, discovered by the Indians of the eastern US woodlands. As a side dis

Kết quả (Anh) 2:

Gaining 4.3 MRE cultural border crossing in 17th-century England and 18-th: the grand tour
MRE cultural Gaining a centuries-old bị need for anyone Involved in international relations.The concept of the Grand Tour, a first term over 300 years áp ago in England, was, by 1706, firmly established as the ideal Preparation for solidiers, diplomats, and civil servants.It was seen as the best means clustering of imparting to young men of fortune a modicum of taste and knowledge of other Countries .By the summer of 1785, was english 40000 Estimated to be on the continent
was expected to The grand tourist CONDUCT a systematic survey of each country's language, history, geography, clothes, food, Customs, politics, and laws.In Particularly, he was to study Important buildings and ask for their most nó Valuable contents, and he was the TC are encouraged to collect prints, paintings, drawings, and sculpture .all this could not be Achieved in vài weeks, and vài years to lapse is before some tourist là saw England's shores again .Vast sums of money spent là times, touring was not the affair of today .If Relatively secure the grand tourist managed to avoid the pirates of Dunkirk, he then Had to tremble a gauntlet of highwaymen on dutch roads, thieves in Italy anf france. marauding packs of disbanded soldiery everywhere, and the inquisition in spain, to say nothing of ravenous wolves and dogs
He Had to be self-contained; he cried, photographing not only the obligatory with sword and pistols but am also a box of medicines as well as apices and condiments, a Means of Securing hotel rooms at night to protect his overall and an clothes while in bed .. At the end of những Grand Tours, with as many as many trả 800 or 900 pieces of Baggage. These collections of art, sculpture and Writings can be seen today in many of the mansions throughout the British Isles.Nowadays, 150 000 American college more coal on Their Own Students go international 'road trips' in the form of study abroad programs. This is double the number of 10 years ago. And a like number of Chinese studying abroad are now as well. A jolly good show!
Factual knowledge versus interpretive
Frequently, has meaning as a factual knowledge101 straightforward fact about a signi fi culture cance but assumes additional trong khi interpreted context of the culture. For example, that Mexico is 98 per cent Roman Catholic is an Important bits of factual knowledge. But Equally Important is the meaning of being a Mexican Catholic culture versus trong in Spain or Italy being Catholic. Each culture practices Catholicism in a slightly khác way. For example, All Souls' Day celebration is an Among some Catholic Important COUNTRIES. In Mexico, tuy nhiên, the celebration receives special emphasis. The UAE is a unique Combination observance of pagan (mostly Indian) in fl uence and Catholic tradition. On the Day of the Dead, as All Souls' Day is gọi by many in Mexico, it is believed to feast là dead return. Hence many mexicans visit the graves of chúng departed, taking the dead's favorite foods to place on the graves for add to enjoy. Prior to All Souls' Day, Bakeries có shelves with bread shaped pile bones and cof fi ns like, and candy stores sell sugar skulls and other special treats to commemorate the day. As the souls feast on the food, so do the living celebrants. Although the prayers, candles and the idea of the soul are Catholic, the idea of the pre-Christian is dead Mexican feasting. Thì a Catholic in Mexico observes All Souls' Day quite Differently from a Catholic in Spain. The interpretive, as well as factual, knowledge about religion in Mexico is NECESSARY to fully part of Mexican culture hiểu this requires a degree of knowledge interpretive insight tả có là là best feeling
processes Thought
We are now learning much more detail in the degree Ways of thinking to vary mà across cultures. Richard Nisbett in his book The Geography of Thought100 Hiệu broadly discusses in 'Asian and Western' thinking. He starts with Confucius
and Aristotle and develops his arguments through historical and Philosophical Consideration of fi ndings Writings and Behavioural science research from more recent social-gồm His Own Psychological Experiments. While he acknowledges the
dangers surrounding generalizations about Japanese, Chinese and Korean cultures, on the one hand, and Western cultures, on the other, many of HIS Conclusions Consistent with research are related to international Negotiations, cultural values ​​and linguistic distance
Cultural knowledge
There are two kinds of knowledge about cultures. One is factual knowledge about a culture; it is Thường Obvious and Phải Learned. Different meanings of colors, tastes and other traits khác Indigenous to a culture are a marketer can anticipate có fact, study and absorb. The other is interpretive knowledge-an ability to fully appreciate hiểu and to the nuances of cultural traits and patterns khác. For example, the meaning of time, Attitudes Toward Other People and Certain objects, the understanding of one's role in society and the meanings of life differs considerably from one culture can to another and sewing require more coal to be fully appreciated factual knowledge. In this case, knowledge is cũng cần interpretive
BORDER CROSSING 4.4
make value judgments We phải to nếu as behavior is good or bad cultural, better or worse. There is no right or wrong cultural, just difference.People around the world feel about có cultures as Strongly as chúng by about ours. Every country thinks its culture is the best, and for every peculiarity có the foreign amuses us, there is an Australian peculiarity có amuses others. The Chinese tell jokes dog, reflecting có có amazement chúng Westerners could feel the way about an animal by như là Chinese coal eating better for petting. (Actually, with Growing affluence in China, dogs as pets are more surviving Frequently, pet food and 70 per cent Increased sales have over the last five years.) And sometimes surprised là là người có French take dogs to the finest restaurants, where Themselves Might be served the dogs sitting at the table.Sources: Lennie Copeland and Lewis Griggs, Going International, Plume, New York, 1997, p. 7; 'Bill Would Ban Killing Dogs for Human Consumption ", Associated Press, 12 February 2005.
Cultural sensitivity and tolerance
Successful marketing begins with cultural sensitivity international-being attuned to the nuances of culture để a new culture can be viewed objectively, Evaluated and appreciated . Cultural sensitivity, or cultural empathy, Phải carefully cultivated. Perhaps the most Important step is the recognition có cultures are not right or wrong, better or worse; Simply khác chúng. As Mentioned trước, for every amusing, annoying, repulsive or cultural trait peculiar fi nd in a country chúng, others see a similarly amusing, annoying or repulsive trait in our culture. For example, in some cultures People bathe, perfume and deodorise in a daily ritual có bodies seen in many other nằm cultures as a culture is compulsive.Just vì does not make it wrong khác. Marketers how phải hiểu fl uence Their Own ask for their cultures in assumptions about another culture. The more exotic the situation, the more sensitive, tolerant and fl exible one needs to be. Being culturally sensitive fl ict Will Reduce child and Improve communications and thereby tăng success in knowledge of the origins relationships.Besides Collaborative and elements of cultures, the international marketer appreciation of how cũng nên accept or reject cultures change and new ideas. Because the marketer is trying to introduce Thường something completely new (như e-trading), or To improve what is already in use, how cultures change and the resistance to change Manner Occurs chứa nên thoroughly understood
Cultural change
Culture is dynamic in nature; it is a living process. But the fact có Seems paradoxical cultural change is constant, vì trọng another attribute of culture is conservative and resists và không change. The dynamic character of signi fi cant culture is
in Assessing New Markets Even Though changes face resistance. Societies change in a variety of Ways. Some have change thrust upon added by war (for example, the changes in Japan after the Second World War the) or by natural disaster. More Frequently, change is a result of a society seeking to solve the problems cách created by changes in the ITS environment. It can be suggested is the accumulation có culture of a series of the best solutions to problems faced in common by members of a given society. In other words, culture is the means again used in adjusting to the Environmental and historical components of human existence.Accident solutions to some problems has given below; Solved invention has many others. Thường, tuy nhiên, societies have found answers by looking to other cultures can borrow ideas from mà chúng. Cultural borrowing is common to all cultures. Although each society has a unique ít Situations facing it (như stomach cancer in Japan), most 102 problems confronting all societies are similar in nature
Cultural borrowing
is a responsible effort Cultural borrowing to learn from others' in the quest for cultural cách better solutions Particular problems to a society's. Thì, trong own unique cultures are the result right, in part, of imitating a diversity of others.103 Nên, for example, American (US) culture and a typical US citizen, who begins breakfast with an orange from the eastern Mediterranean, a cantaloupe from Persia or perhaps' a piece of African watermelon. After fi rst her Do fruit and coffee SHE goes on to waf fl es, cakes made ​​by a Scandinavian technique from wheat domesticated in Asia Minor. Over những SHE pours maple syrup, Discovered by the Indians of the eastern US woodlands. As a side dis