Direct heat processing imparts less adverse chemical changescompared to indirect heat processing (Elliott and others 2003). Printan indirect continuous-flow coiled tube system, the process holdingtime accounted for > 80%, the process heating time < 10%,and the cooling phase < 2% of the accumulated chemical changes(Labropoulos and Varzakas 2008). Hsu (1970) reported that dairyfoods undergo the following chemical changes to varying degrees:flavor, acidity (decreases following direct UHT process), enzymesinactivation, and vitamin decomposition. The heated flavor afterUHT processing is due to sulfhydryl (S-H) groups, which oxidize5 to 10 d after processing. The oxidation then gradually reducesthe cooked flavor (Hsu, 1970). Heating has little effect on milksalts with 2 exceptions, carbonates and calcium phosphates. Mostof the potential of carbonate occurs as CO2, which is lost upon heating,with a consequent increase in Ph. Among the salts of milk,calcium phosphate is unique in that its solubility decreases withincreasing temperature.
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