Broodstock: Reproductive there are two general methods of reproduction boys: passive and active. Reproductive passive management is less intensive. Many boys are placed in a tank. Childbirth usually occurs at night, and broodstock are removed from the tank the next morning. Reproductive activities require additional management, as individual men and women and boys are identified as reproductive separated to ensure a rate suitable sperm eggs. Passive breeding can produce large numbers of larvae, but broodstock capable eat larvae and not all fertilized eggs release success (they can be unfertilized or object to polyspermy). In addition, the passive reproduction is unable to document the reproductive success of individual boys and to ensure genetic variation sufficient (for example, could then female spawns only one or a ratio of one passive spawn). The problem was overcome by reproductive activity. At CCML, passive reproduction is used. The fuel tank held 1,500 L with clams in cold be used. After a thorough cleaning tank, lots younger (10 PVC pipe, a total of about 30 boys) returned gradually tank is filled with water of 15 ° C. No heat is used shockis; Warm temperatures are gradually in a few hours (about 1 ° C / hour) until 22-24 ° C achieved. A 1,800 watt heater will warm a speed of 1,500 L of 1 ° C for hours. Generally, the fireplace is turned-on at the end of day; boys were fed a dose of algae broodstock (Table 1) and leave overnight. The next morning, sea water in the tank (s) is selected for the presence of larvae. As a quick test, a flashlight is used to detect the larvae trochophore. The larvae are present and the most popular is determined by the volume seen microscopically. When larvae are detected, boys and PVC pipe broodstock are removed and placed in a separate bin gradually be filled with purified sea water 15-16oC day to 1μm. Larval son not be disturbed or siphoned for 30 to 36 hours post spawn to allow for the formation and hard shell.
At DEI, passive reproduction is also used, but the preferred method is generating activities Is. Both techniques use thermal shock to stimulate fertility. In passive reproduction, sandwiches full of broodstock were maintained at 15 ° C for 6-7 weeks to be cleaned and transferred to a 2,000 L larvae in sea containers 23-24 oC. Bread is set to floating wooden tray lined with nylon window screen. 1-2 liters of algae are added simultaneously. Childbirth usually occurs at night, and next morning removed from broodstock tanks. At that time, the number of larvae was estimated trochophore by escaping the lake completely and arrested larvae in a 44 micron sieve. During this event escape, clinical content regularly and gently transferred to a group of 19 L. Some models (eg, 1 mL) was taken from the bins to estimate abundance trochophore per mL. In reproductive activity, boys were removed from the sandwich and put in a shallow tray with seawater 24oC. Trai is carefully monitored over a period of time which can take from 15 minutes to six hours. Typically, the first billion clams spawn. All Male Reproductive where collected and put into a container or dish and allowed to continue to release gametes. As females lay eggs, each from shallow tray and gently placed in a 1 L glass bowl with sea water in order to facilitate observation. Women often continue to reproduce after a few minutes. Eggs from a single female was collected and transferred to a 19 L Bucket. This process continues until all the women will spawn did so. Typically, from a variety of conditions broodstock boys, only 40-60% will spawn at any given time. When finished, all the sperm from men is in a bucket and eggs from each female in separate groups. Actual fertilization proceed with caution by placing a small number of sperm water (250 mL) in each group containing eggs. Visual inspection of eggs using a microscope is the best method to determine whether fertilization was successful. Insemination was noticed when a bodyforms pole, occurred within 20 minutes after the eggs and sperm contact. Eggs and sperm are still viable at room temperature for several hours, so if the percentage of successful fertilization is low, it is possible to add small aliquots of sperm and increase the success of fertilization. Small aliquots are used to prevent polyspermy. Results fertilized egg, 50μm in diameter, is poured through a 125μm sieve held over tank early. Sieve remove larger debris, while the eggs pass into the tank. An alternative approach is used in Eastham, Massachusetts hatcheries using adult son in mussel maintain pipes (25 mm mesh). T.chuii (1 L) was added to the bath each. Clams and tube is placed in one of two 30 L water bottle (Rubbermaid ®). One cylinder is heated to 25 ° C, while the other 15 are spread cooled (25-30) in all converted alternating between hot and cold baths in approximately 45 minutes. After 8 or more Clam cycle socks are washed with fresh water and placed on a device built of vinyl coated mesh suspended near the top of a 1,000 L tank filled with seawater cone μmfiltered 1 heated to 20 are spread are left to spawn overnight. Rack, socks and boys were removed the next morning and the boys are returning to the cold tank. Clam water exchange and sieving start on the second day after spawning and follow the workflow of CCML and DEI. Spawns of up to 30 million trochophores were observed.
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