The carbonation in reinforced concrete: the concentration of calcium hydroxide solution concentration of soluble (Ca (OH) 2) in the holes of the concrete structure is the result of the process of cement hydration helps keep the pH 12-13 in safety margin. Carbonation process in the presence of CO2, water and Ca (OH) 2 calcium carbonate created and neutralize the alkaline environment in concrete: CO2 + H2O + Ca (OH) 2 → CaCO3 + 2H2O. After neutralization process reduces the pH of the concrete over time, breaking the passive film has reinforced protective effect (2-20 nanometers thick membrane), accelerate the corrosion of reinforcement, resulting in a clearance cancellation texture. The process begins when corrosion of steel rust appeared and developed on the surface and cause cracks reinforced at locations adjacent to the concrete, cracks develop gradually under attack by corrosive agents until break complete rupture between cohesion and reinforced concrete (Figure 1). The speed of the process of carbonation depends on the impact of external factors from the environment such as air humidity, temperature, CO2 concentration and mechanical properties of concrete, such as alkalinity and permeability, conditions ideal promotes active carbonation when the air humidity at 60-75%. Furthermore, the carbonation rate increases as levels of CO2 in the atmosphere and warming temperatures, on the other hand cement content is an important factor to increase alkalinity and retard carbonation.
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