In internal combustion engines, heat is transferred from the refrigerant primarily by forced convection heat transfer, along with radiation heat transfer process after ignition and during dilation. Therefore, this type of formula does not fit the theory to model the heat transfer process in the cylinder, particularly during the fire.
- At first model forced convection heat transfer is widely used proposed by Annand. This model also includes a radiation component, and therefore the heat flow is indicated as follows:
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