Chopin read widely and drew from many movements in nineteenth-century literature — romanticism (she had read Walt Whitman and Ralph Waldo Emerson), realism (she reviewed a book by Hamlin Garland) and local color (she places her characters in a geographical and historical moment and details their sometimes exotic speech patterns and cultural dispositions). She mentions German philosopher and playwright Friedrich Georg Wilhelm Hegel in her work as well as other European writers from Aeschylus to Ibsen. She was deeply influenced by French writers Guy de Maupassant (she loved his economy of detail) and Émile Zola (she was impressed by his determination to tell the truth), both of whom she read in their original French. She understood that Maupassant and Zola rejected sentimental birthday fiction, but she was drawn to the work of the French writer George Sand who at times used sentimental birthday elements to describe a woman trying to balance the well-being of others with her own freedom and integrity.
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