IMPLICATIONS IN COMMUNICATION I. BACKGROUND For many linguists, the concept of "implied in active communication" is one of the central concepts in school use. One implication is certainly a serious example for the phenomenon is much more to be informed what is spoken. Also on the main linguist, the other a central concept in the study used the survey to the spokesman perform actions, this phenomenon is referred to as actions speak. II. CONTENTS 1.Cong effects and implications we have to admit that the speaker and the listener and participate in conversations generally have collaborated. For example, the reference to succeed, it is in place is essential to have collaboration. In receiving the presupposition of speakers, listeners often have to admit that people say "my car" ("my car") who actually tried the car is being referred to it, and cold it does not attempt to deceive the listener. First this sense of collaboration is merely typical sense of dialogue that the participants are usually not considered to be trying to overshadow, deceive, conceal relevant information to each other. In many circumstances, such type of cooperation is just the starting point for the creation of what is meant to say. In the mid lunchtime, a woman asked a woman why she's different likes meat hamburger that she was eating, and get answers in [1]. [1] A hamburger is a hamburger. (minced meat is hamburgers that.) From a purely logical point of view, the repetition in [1] seems not worth notice because it expresses something complex exit evident. Examples mentioned in [1] and the apparently meaningless expressions like 'business is business' (' business is business') or 'boys will be boys "(" boys will be boys "), is called tautology (tautologies). If they are used in a conversation, it is clear that the speaker deliberately notified more than what is being said. When people hear they hear expressed in [1], she we must first understand that the speaker is collaboration and purposeful notice something. The something that is much more than what the meaning of words to give. It is something meaningful parts More conveyed, called implication (implicature). To present [1], who said sure listeners will have the capacity to do reveal is the implication was intentionally raised in that context , on the basis of what they already know. With the opportunity to assess Burgers that, people say [1] answered without evaluation. Therefore, an implication that she has no idea what, is better or worse, for that expression. Based on the various aspects of the context, the implied parts (such as the speaker thinks all things are like hamburgers both) can be deduced . The implication is the first example for the phenomenon is much more notice what is said, but to explain them, you first have to admit that there is a basic principle that collaboration is working action. 2. Principles of collaboration Consider the following communication context. A woman sitting on a bench in the park and a dog lying opposite Elongated Voii chair. A man approached and sat down. [2] Man: Does Your Dog Bite? Man: Dog bite her home have not you? Woman: No. Woman: I will not. (The man with hands cuddly dog. The dog grabbed at the man's hand.) Man: Ouch! Hey! You said dog does not bite của. Man: Ui! Yet she said she did not bite the dog. Woman: He does not bite. But that's not my dog. Woman: It does not bite it. But that's not my dog. One of the issues in this context to consider the issues on which the notice. Specifically, there seems to be the problem is that what man can understand is the message content than would be spoken. This is not a problem of presupposition for the recognition of "your dog" (dog of her house) (ie a woman with a dog) is true for both speakers. The problem is that what man understand his question "Dog bite her home have not you?" And the answer of the woman, "No!"; Both were used in dog lying in front of them. From the perspective of the man, the answer of the woman informer less than expected. In other words, people waiting for her to offer a message is shown in the last line of the other. Of course, if she said that earlier, the news story did not even funny anymore. In order to become a funny story, a woman should be reported out less waiting. The concept of the expected amount of information is provided in the main dialog is one aspect of the more general idea is the same people involved take in a conversation, they must cooperate with one another. (Obviously, the woman in [2] may be shown on the reality that her dog did not take part in the interaction with strangers collaborate with the other.) In many circumstances, so get in wide spread cooperation to the extent that it can be laid into a partnership principle (co operative Principle) of conversations and are detailed in the four principles of the lower level, called the motto (Maxims) . Principles of collaboration: Make your contribution as it is required, right at the stage where it appears, by the purpose or the direction of hiding accepted a verbal exchange that you can participate. The motto: Amount: - Make your contribution contains information as it is required (for the purpose of exchanges exist there). - Do not make contributions contains more information than is required. Quality: Try to make your contribution is always true. - Do not say what you believe is not true. - Do not say what you do not prove satisfactory are. Relationships: Be like use (both with the users - Be the relevant). How: Be clear. - Avoid obscure expressions. - Avoid vague. - Be brief (avoid unnecessary lengthy) - There must be order. The principle of collaboration (by Grice 1975) It is important to recognize that this motto was things were on but not shown up, but we have been in conversation. We understand that people will usually provide an adequate amount of information (unlike the woman in [2]). We understand that they say true, relevant and clearly tried to say as much as possible. Because these principles it is covered by the ordinary interaction, so people say rarely mention them. However, with these types of expressions that are used to record people say that they are at risk is not fully engaged with these principles. These types of expressions so-called word catch fence. 3. Word hedged, importance of guideline only for the interactive nature may have collaborated in English can be measured by the number of expressions that we use to show that what we're talking out there may not be entirely accurate. Word of the first teachers in [3a - c] and informal epilogue in [3d] are notes for the listeners attention to the unjustified part of the BAV process. [3] a. As far as I know, they're married. (As far as I know, they were married). b. I lẽ Mistaken, but I thought I saw a ring on her wedding finger. (If I'm not mistaken, I remember that I saw a wedding ring on her finger). I'm not sure if this is right , but I heard it was a secret Hawaiian print Ceremony. (I do not believe it, but I've heard there was a secret wedding in Hawaii). c. He could not live without the her, I guess. (He (was) could not live without her. I'm sure of it). The context of the conversation for example in [3] may be the most recent rumors about a couple but who said this was known. The careful notes, or hedged, words, style so can also be used to indicate that the speaker has the sense of the motto refers to the amount, as in the first words of the [4a - c]. Pharmaceutical created during the speaker mentioned a recent stay girls. [4]
đang được dịch, vui lòng đợi..
