In addition to three impact patterns discussed above, non-negligible spatial homogeneity and heterogeneity were also important for the formulation of emission reduction policies. These common features of the impacts might include (i) except for UR and LA, the other population development variables exerted significant effects on PM2.5 emissions; (ii) in general, the influences on PM2.5 pollution decreased with increasing pollution levels, i.e., the population development factors imposed the strongest impacts on PM2.5 pollution in 10th quantile cities, followed by 25th quantile cities, etc. This indicated that PM2.5 was most sensitive to population development during the early stage of pollution; hence pollution control should be conducted as early as possible. As Mardones (2019) mentioned, it would cost governments much more to achieve the desired effects of emissions mitigation with increasing pollution levels.
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