20. Quản lý kế hoạch chất lượng x

20. Quản lý kế hoạch chất lượng xây dựng, an toàn lao động và sức khỏe:
1. Quản lý kế hoạch chất lượng xây dựng
- Kế hoạch thi công
+ Diện tích mặt bằng thi công: Mặt bằng thi công được tính toán sao cho đủ diện tịch tập kết vật liệu, máy móc thiết bị tại bãi tập kết cũng như ngoài công trường thi công;
+ Thiết bị cần có để hoàn thành công việc: Mỗi một công việc cần phải có các loại máy móc thiết bị khác nhau tùy thuộc vào từng công việc, thứ tự thi công và điều kiện thi công;
+ Nhân lực cần có để hoàn thành công việc: Nhân lực bố trí phải phù hợp cho từng công việc và giai đoạn nhằm đảm bảo đạt hiệu quả năng suất nhất và tiến độ thi công;
+ Khối lượng và các loại hóa chất, phụ gia cần sử dụng trong công trường, ví dụ như: dầu diesel, dầu thủy lực, hóa chất bảo dưỡng, dầu máy, v.v…
+ Từng công việc, giai đoạn thi công được nhà thầu thi công trình biện pháp thi công được duyệt bởi cán bộ tư vấn giám sát và ban quản lý dự án CRSD.
- Quản lý chất lượng vật liệu đầu vào:
Các loại vật liệu đầu vào trước khi đưa vào sử dụng được kiểm tra chứng chỉ chất lượng, xuất sứ, chủng loại mà nhà thầu đề xuất trong hồ sơ dự thầu và biên bản thương thảo hợp đồng. Đồng thời yêu cầu đơn vị thí nghiệm tiến hành lấy mẫu kiểm tra, các kết quả thí nghiệm được so sánh với các tiêu chuẩn hiện hành để đánh giá đạt hay không đạt yêu cầu đề ra.
Quy cách và số lượng lấy mẫu đối với các loại vất liệu như sau:
1. Xi măng:
Tiêu chuẩn áp dụng: TCVN 6260-1995:
Mỗi lô xi măng nhỏ hơn 40 tấn đều phải lấy 02 mẫu, mỗi mẫu 20kg để làm thí nghiệm. Mẫu xi măng phải được lấy rải rác ở các bao trong kho, mỗi bao lấy 1kg. Làm thí nghiệm 01 mẫu và 01 mẫu lưu để đối chứng khi cần thiết. Trong thời gian 60 ngày nếu không có khiếu nại nào giữa bên mua và bán xi măng về kết quả thí nghiệm thì phòng thí nghiệm làm thủ tục hủy bỏ mẫu lưu.
Khi bắt đầu nhập xi măng về công trường đại diện bên A, bên B cùng nhau lấy mẫu đóng gói niêm phong lập biên bản lấy mẫu và gửi đến phòng thí nghiệm để làm thí nghiệm. Mẫu xi măng phải được để trong hộp kín tránh nước, tránh các hóa chất khác, tránh nhiệt độ cao và để nơi khô ráo.
Mỗi mẫu thí nghiệm phải làm ít nhất 5 chỉ tiêu quy định trong bảng 1.
Phiếu thí nghiệm là căn cứ để nghiệm thu xi măng và thiết kế thành phần phối trộn bê tông và vữa.
2. Cát xây dựng:
- Tiêu chuẩn áp dụng: TCVN 1770-1986, TCXD 127-1985.
- Cát xây dựng được phân làm 04 loại như sau: Cát to, cát vừa, cát nhỏ, cát mịn (có bảng tra).
- Phương pháp lấy mẫu cát thí nghiệm: Cứ 100m3 cát lấy một mẫu thử với khối lượng không nhỏ hơn 50kg, lấy rải rác ở nhiều vị trí khác nhau trong một đống cát cùng loại, góp lại và trộn đều, đóng gói và lập biên bản lấy mẫu, mang đi thí nghiệm.
Kết quả thí nghiệm cát là cơ sở để nghiệm thu vật liệu cát và là căn cứ thiết kế thành phần cấp phối bê tông.
3. Đá dăm (sỏi) các loại dùng trong bê tông:
Tiêu chuẩn áp dụng: TCVN 1771-1986.
a) Đá dăm, sỏi được phân thành các nhóm sau:
Đá cỡ 0,5x1: cỡ hạt từ 5-10mm; đá cỡ 1x2: cỡ hạt từ 10-20mm; đá cỡ 2x4: cỡ hạt từ 20-40mm; đá cỡ 4x7: cỡ hạt từ 40-70mm.
b) Yêu cầu kỹ thuật:
- Thành phần hạt: Đối với các cỡ đá thành phần hạt nằm trong đường bao cấp phối được quy định như sau: (Có bảng tra)
- Phương pháp lấy mẫu đá dăm (sỏi) thí nghiệm: Cứ nhỏ hơn 200m3 đá lấy 02 mẫu thử với khối lượng mỗi mẫu lấy theo bảng 7. Lấy rải rác ở nhiều vị trí khác nhau trong một đống đá cùng loại, góp lại trộn đều, đóng gói, lập biên bản lấy mẫu, mang đi thí nghiệm.
Kết quả thí nghiệm đá là cơ sở để nghiệm thu vật liệu đá, là căn cứ để thiết kế thành phần cấp phối trộn bê tông.
4. Thép xây dựng
- Tiêu chuẩn áp dụng: TCVN 1651-1985, TCVN 6285-1997.
- Thép xây dựng có nhiều loại: thép tròn trơn, thép tròn đốt cán nóng, cán nguội, thép hình, thép lá, thép tấm….Thép xây dựng được sản xuất bởi nhiều nhà sản xuất có nhãn hiệu trên cây thép đảm bảo chất lượng như: Thép Thái Nguyên: TISCO;, thép Việt-Úc: V-UC; thép Việt-Sinh: NSV; thép Hòa Phát: DANI; thép Việt-Ý: VIS; thép Việt-Hàn: VSP….
a) Kiểm tra đường kính cốt thép bằng cách cân trọng lượng: Khi đưa thép vào sử dụng cần kiểm tra đường kính thực của cốt thép như sau: Cắt 01 đoạn thép dài 1m để cân kiểm tra trọng lượng Q (gam), đường kính thực của cây thép được tính bằng công thức sau:
Dthực=0,43x √Q (mm)
b) Đo đường kính cốt thép vằn (phương pháp xác định đường kính danh nghĩa của cốt thép vằn):
- Đường kính danh nghĩa D của cốt thép vằn tương đương với đường kính danh nghĩa của cốt thép tròn trơn có diện tích mặt cắt ngang bằng nhau. Diện tích mặt cắt ngang, khối lượng 1m chiều dài của thanh thép theo đường kính danh nghĩa với khối lượng riêng của thép bằng 7,85g/cm3.
- Lấy một mẫu thép dài đúng 1m được chọn trong lô thép cần kiểm tra, làm sạch mẫu trước khi cân và và xác định tiết diện. Sử dụng thiết bị đo cân có thang chia nhỏ để xác định (đến 1/1000kg) để cân mẫu.
- Diện tích mặt cắt ngang F (tính bằng cm2) của cốt thép được xác định theo khối lượng và chiều dài mẫu quy định tại TCVN1651:1995 theo công thức: F=Q/7,85L.
(Trong đó: F là diện tích mặt cắt ngang của thanh thép tính bằng cm2. Q là khối lượng của mẫu cốt thép vằn tính bằng g. L là chiều dài mẫu tính bằng cm. 7,85 là khối lượng riêng của thép tính bằng g/cm3. So sánh kết quả với tiêu chuẩn thép).
- Xác định đường kính danh nghĩa (có hai phương pháp):
+ Xác định bằng phương pháp tra bảng theo TCVN 1651-1985 từ F và Q đã xác định được.
+ Xác định bằng công thức: D= √4F/3,14
c) Thí nghiệm thép:
- Lấy mẫu và thí nghiệm thép: Cứ mỗi lô thép có khối lượng

Kết quả (Anh) 1:

20. The management plan on build quality, occupational safety and health:1. management quality of construction plan-Construction plan+ Surface area by construction: construction premises is calculated such that the area enough material, machines and equipment at the as well as outside the field of construction;+ The equipment required to complete the work: each work needs to have the kind of different equipment depending on the work, the order of construction and construction conditions;+ Manpower required to complete the work: the human resources deployed must match for each stage and work to ensure the most productive and effective progress;+ The volume and types of chemicals, additives need to use in the field, such as: diesel, hydraulic oil, machine oil, chemicals, etc.+ Each construction stage, work was the contractor of construction measures approved by the supervising officer and project management CRSD.-Manage the quality input materials:The type of input materials before use check the quality certificate, export porcelain, types to which the contractor proposed in tenders and negotiated contracts. At the same time ask the Unit conducted experiments in test samples, the experimental results are compared with the current standard to evaluate or unsatisfactory.Specification and number of samples for the kind of hard data as follows:1. Cement:Applied standards: ISO 6260-1995:Each batch of cement is under 40 tons are required to take 2 samples, each sample of 20 kg to do experiments. Cement samples must be retrieved scattered in the sack in the repository, each covering 1 kg. Experiment 1 model and 11 patterns to confronting when necessary. During the period of 60 days if no complaints between the buyer and seller of cement on the experimental results, the laboratory procedures to cancel the Save template.When starting to enter the cement market representing party A, party B together packing sealed sample formed thereon and a sample sent to the laboratory to do experiments. Cement samples have to be to avoid the water sealed in, avoid the other chemicals, avoid high temperature and to dry. Each pilot must do at least 5 targets specified in table 1.Test votes is grounds for testing cement mixing ingredients and design of concrete and mortar.2. Sand for construction:-Applied standard: TCVN 1770-1986, TCXD 127-1985.-Construction sand was 4 types as follows: sand medium sand, sand, small, fine sand (check table).-Method of sampling the cat experiment: Just 100 m of sand took a sample with a volume of not less than 50 kg, get scattered in many different places in a sand pile of the same kind, to contribute back and mix well, and set thereon sampling, carried away the experiment.Results of experiments of sand is the basis for collecting sand and materials is the base level component design mixing concrete.3. Gravel (gravel) types used in concrete:Applied standards: ISO 1771-1986.a) macadam, gravel are classified into the following groups:Stone size 0, 5x1: particle size from 5-10 mm; Stone size particle size: rectangles from 10-20 mm; Stone 2x4 size: size of grain of 20-40 mm; 4x7 size: particle size stones from 40-70 mm.b) technical requirements:-Particle composition: for stone County is located in the component size contour levels are defined as follows: (check table) -The sampling method of gravel (gravel) experiment: For smaller 200m3 rock 2 prototypes with the volume of each sample taken according to table 7. Retrieved scattered in many different places in a pile of stones of the same kind, to contribute back to the mix, Pack, set the minutes of sampling, carried away the experiment.Results of experiments is the basis for stone collecting stone material, is to base the design of concrete mixing ingredients.4. Construction steel-Applied standard: TCVN 1651-1985, TCVN 6285-1997.-Steel building has many types: smooth, rounded steel steel hot-rolled, cold-rolled, burning, steel, steel sheets, steel plate .... construction steel is produced by many manufacturers have the mark on quality steel plants such as: Thai Nguyen Steel: TISCO;, steel-Australia: V-UC; steel-Born: NSV; Hoa Phat steel: DANI; steel-Italy: VIS; Steel-Welding: VSP. ...a) check the diameter reinforcement by weight: When put on the steel used to check the actual diameter of reinforcement as follows: Cut 1 to 1 m long steel segment loss test weight Q (grams), the diameter of the steel plant was calculated by the following formula: Dthực = 0, 43x √ Q (mm)b) Measure the diameter rebar Zebra (method determine the nominal diameter of the reinforced stripe): -Nominal diameter D of reinforcement steel Zebra equivalent of a nominal diameter of reinforcement steel smooth circular cross-section area equal. Area cross section, volume 1 m length of steel bar under nominal diameter with steel's own volume by 7, 85 g/cm3.-Take a right 1 m long steel template is selected in the batch of steel need to check, clean samples before weight and and determine the cross section. Use measuring equipment weight has broken ladders to determine (to 1/1000kg) to the form. -Cross-section area F (in cm2) of reinforcement are determined by volume and length in the form prescribed in TCVN1651:1995 according to the formula: F = Q/7, 85L.(Including: F is an area of cross-section of steel bar in cm2. Q is the volume of rebar pattern Zebra by g. L is the length of the sample in a separate volume is 7.85 cm. of steel in g/cm3. Compare the results with standard steel).-Determine the nominal diameter (two methods): + Defined by table method according to ISO 1724-1985 from F and Q have identified.+ Determining by the formula: D = √ 4F/3.14c) steel experiments:-Sampling and experiments of steel: for every batch of steel have volume < = 20 metric tons, should get 1 group prototypes to test, including all types of reinforcement steel in batch, each taking 12 long bars from 0, 5 m to 0, 8 m.-Physical-mechanical indicators when steel experiments: + Flow restrictions, limited durability;+ Elongation;+ The real diameter measure;+ Cold Bending;Results of experiments and tests of steel is the base to test steel building.In addition to the material mentioned above, there are other hard material again, buying constructions available as manufacturers of additives, geotextile, a box of rocks, concrete, ... been checking the certificate types, manufacturers have been approved in the tenders.-Laboratory quality control of structures, structures in the construction field1. Experimental checks on concrete structures a) sample casting of concrete experiments. (Concrete sample TCVN 4453-1995):-In the process of the construction of cadre supervision of the owner and the technical execution of the building contractor must take concrete form at the scene, the technical staff of the owner signed on stamps and pasting up the template immediately after casting the concrete sample medium (when the concrete is still wet). Concrete form plywood experiments in age from 7 to 28 days.-Each type of concrete structures have to grab a sample consisting of 3 members is retrieved at the same time in the same place as specified by ISO 3105-1993. Kindergarten 15x15x15cm in size. The number of nests was defined by mass as follows:+ For large blocks of concrete: for 500m3 retrieved 1 nest templates when the volume of concrete poured in a block larger than 1,000 sq. meters and 250 retrieved 01 nest templates when the volume of concrete poured in a block of less than 1000 m 3.+ For the big claws: for concrete 100 retrieved 01 nest templates but no less than a template for a foundation blocks.+ Concrete foundations for the machine to have a mass greater than the 50m3 pour 50 m3 retrieved 01 sample nest but still get a sample when the volume of less than 50m3.+ For frame structures, beams, floors for 20m3 retrieved 1 nest templates, but when the volume is less than then still have to get a template for each type of structure.+ For the other menu structure has less mass than then still have to take a sample.+ For concrete surface of highways, airport runways just 200m3 get 1 nest templates but if concrete volume less than 200m3, then still have to take a sample.b) laboratory methods directly on the structure.Applicable standards: Field testing method by concrete gun (test method by rebound gun), ultrasound, concrete drilling at the scene to test reviews, determine the intensity of concrete quality.2. check the test relief ground, secures the tight layers of the nail.-Check under the standard ISO 4037-87. -Laboratory test standard 22TCN02-22TCN03-71 and 79.-Each layer up 15-18 cm thick area up < = 300m2 test 01.3. Foundation classes testing experiments in the construction of highways.-Check the experiment of soil classes K nail tightly. Experimental checks on standard elasticity modul 22CN 211-95 for comparison with the design requirements.-1,000 sq. meters measure 3 point and across the line.

Kết quả (Anh) 2:

20. Management of construction quality plan, occupational safety and health:
1. Management of construction quality plan
- construction plan
+ ground construction area: Premises construction are calculated so that sufficient material gathering area president, machinery and equipment at the yard, as well as public school construction;
+ Equipment needed to complete the work: Each work should have all kinds of different equipment depending on the job, the order of construction and construction conditions;
+ Human Resources needed to complete the job: Manpower layout must conform to each task and stage to ensure the most efficient and productive construction schedule;
+ volume and kinds of chemicals, additives needed use in the field, such as: diesel, hydraulic oil, chemicals and maintenance, machine oil, etc ...
+ Step work, the construction phase of the project contractor construction methods approved by staff consulting and management oversight CRSD.
- Quality control inputs:
The input material before being put into use quality inspection certificates, origin and category of the contractor proposed in the tender and contract negotiation records. Also ask units conducted experiments sampling test, the test results are compared with the current standard for assessing passing or failing the requirements set out.
The specifications and sample quantities for These materials are as follows:
1. Cement:
Applicable standards: ISO 6260-1995:
Each lot less than 40 tonnes of cement has to take 02 samples, each 20kg for experiments. Cement samples must be taken scattered in bags in warehouses, each wrapped around 1kg. Experiment 01 samples and 01 samples stored for reference when necessary. Within 60 days if no claims between the buying and selling of cement on the results of laboratory experiments, the cancellation procedures stored samples.
At the start of imported cement to construction sites represent side A, side B sampling packaged together make a record sealed and sent samples to laboratories for experiments. Cement samples must be kept in sealed containers to avoid water, avoid other chemicals, avoid high temperatures and to dry location.
Each laboratory sample must do at least 5 criteria specified in Table 1. The
experiment was based Poll cement themselves to acceptance and design elements mixed concrete and mortar.
2. Construction sand:
- Applicable standards: ISO 1770-1986, TCXD 127-1985.
- Building sand is classified into 04 categories as follows: Cat large, medium sand, sand, fine sand (with an index).
- Sampling method sand experiment: Just 100m3 sand grab a sample with volume not less than 50 kg, take scattered in many different places in a pile of sand of the same type, contribution and mix well, pack and prepare minutes the sampling, carried the experiment.
Results of experiments sand is the basis for acceptance of sand and is designed components based concrete mix.
3. Crushed stone (gravel) of the type used in concrete:
Applicable standards: TCVN 1771-1986.
a) Rubble and gravel are classified into the following groups:
stone size 0,5x1: particle sizes from 5-10mm; 1x2 sized stones: grain size between 10-20mm; 2x4 sized stones: grain size between 20-40mm; 4x7 sized stones: grain size from 40-70mm.
b) Technical requirements:
- Ingredients county: For a multi-county located in the gravel road which is defined as follows: (with an index)
- Method sampling rubble (gravel) experiment: Just less than 200m3 rock grab sample with 02 volumes each sample taken from Table 7. Get scattered in many different places in a pile of stones of the same kind, contributed to mix packing, make a record of sampling, carried the experiment.
The experiment results are the basis for rock stone materials accepted, as a basis for designing components concrete mixing levels.
4. Steel construction
- Applicable standards: ISO 1651-1985, ISO 6285-1997.
- Steel construction of several kinds: Plain steel, hot rolled steel round burning, cold rolled steel, steel sheets, steel sheets .... Construction steel is produced by many manufacturers have brands on quality steel plants such as Taiyuan Steel: TISCO steel ;, Vietnam-Australia: V-UC; Vietnamese steel-Born: NSV; Hoa Phat Steel: DANI; Vietnam-Italy Steel: VIS; Vietnam-Korea steel: VSP ....
a) Check diameter reinforced by weighing: When put into use steel need to check real-diameter reinforced as follows: Cut 01 1 m long steel segment to balance check Q weight (grams) diameter steel plant shall be calculated using the following formula:
= 0,43x √Q Dthuc (mm),
b) Measure the diameter rebar reinforcement (method of determining the nominal diameter of the rebar Zebra):
- nominal diameter D of reinforcing rebar equivalent nominal diameter reinforced smooth rounded cross section area equal. Cross-sectional area, volume 1 meter length of steel bar nominal diameter of steel with a specific weight of 7,85g / cm3.
- Get a sample exactly 1 meter long steel was chosen in steel batches required inspection and do clean samples before and determined weight and cross section. Use the weight measurement device to determine the scale small (to 1 / 1,000 kg) to balance the sample.
- Area cross section F (in cm2) of reinforcement is determined by the weight and length of the prescribed form TCVN1651 in 1995 according to the formula: F = Q / 7,85L.
(Of which: F is the cross-sectional area of the steel bar in cm2. Q is the quantity of rebar reinforced sample in g. L is the dimension sample length in cm. 7.85 is the specific weight of steel in g / cm3. Compare the results with standard steel).
- Determination of nominal diameter (there are two methods):
+ Examine by TCVN 1651-1985 legal according to the table from the F and Q have been identified.
+ Determination by the formula: D = √4F / 3,14
c) Experimental steel:
- Sampling and laboratory steel: Every batch of steel weighing <= 20 tonnes, to obtain 01 test samples for inspection group, including all types of reinforcing steel in batches, each taking 03 from 0.5m-0.8m long bar.
- mechanical properties the experiment of steel:
+ Yield, durable limit;
+ Elongation;
+ diameter measured;
+ Bending cold;
experimental results and check steel is the basis for acceptance of construction steel.
In addition to materials mentioned above, there are the materials available components purchased by manufacturers as additives, geotextiles, gabions, concrete culverts, ... are checking certificates of categories, home production was approved in tenders.
- Testing quality inspection structures and structural works at the construction site
1. Laboratory test concrete components
a) Method experiments cast concrete form. (Sampling concrete TCVN 4453-1995):
- During the construction supervisor of the investor and the technical staff of the contractor construction construct concrete must be sampled at the scene , the technical staff of the Investor sign on stamps and stickers to form immediately after casting concrete form (when the concrete is still wet). Experiment pressed concrete form at ages 07-28 days.
- Each concrete structures must take a sample of 03 member organizations samples were taken at the same time in the same place as prescribed by the ISO 3105-1993. Size 15x15x15cm sample members. Number of organizations form stipulated by weight as follows:
+ For massive concrete: 500m3 taken every 01 samples as mass organizations in a block of concrete poured on 250m3 and 1000m2 larger than 01 organizations took concrete form when the volume pouring concrete in a mass less than 1000m3.
+ For the big nail: 100m3 of concrete every sample taken 01 groups but no less an organized form of a foundation block.
+ For concrete foundation poured machine bed larger volume 50m3 m3 every 50 samples taken 01 groups still take a sample structure when volumes less than 50m3.
+ For structural frame structure columns, beams, floors 20m3 taken every 01 samples nest, but the volume is still less take a sample group for each type of component.
+ For the other single structure weighing less still must take a sample group.
+ For concrete floor, face motorways, airport runways were ... 01 grab samples 200m3 nest but if the volume is less than 200m3 of concrete had to continue to take an organized form.
b) Methods of direct experiments on structures.
Standards applied:
Use methods to inspect the scene with gunshot calf cardboard (test method by gun turn springs), ultrasound, concrete drilling and cutting experiments in the field to assess and determine the intensity of concrete quality.
2. Laboratory test embankment tightness, stiffness of the subgrade.
- Check the TCVN 4447-87.
- Laboratory test standards and 22TCN03-79 22TCN02-71.
- Each thick cover layer 15 -18 cm with an area covering <= 300m2 check 01 points.
3. Laboratory examination of subgrade in building motorways.
- Laboratory test K density of the soil nails. Laboratory test module 22CN elastic 211-93 standard for comparison with the design requirements.
- Every 03 points measuring 1000m2 and on the whole line.