Normally, the reinforcement was fully protected in the alkaline environment of concrete due to the large amounts of calcium oxide, sodium oxide and potassium oxide dissolves. This alkaline compounds in concrete to keep the pH at 12-13 help create a thin protective membrane layer on the surface. In normal conditions, the thin membrane is capable of reinforced protection against the attack of corrosive agents from the environment, this mechanism is called "passive protection" of reinforced concrete.
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