Vacuum Evaporation (vacuum evaporation). In this process, dilute sulfuric acid (diluted) is maintained (maintenance) at the boiling temperature under vacuum by indirect heating (indirect heat) with steam. The vapors are recondensed evolved almost completely in a downstream cooling system so that, apart from insignificant amounts of inert gases desorbed from the acid, there is no gaseous effluent. Other dissolved volatile impurities that may be present, especially in organic-contaminated acids, can generally be condensed as well. Heavily contaminated acids containing inorganic solids ', which tend to deposit the work during evaporation, are effectively concentrated in forced-circulation evaporators, whereas for comparatively pure spent acids a natural circulation system may be adequate [128]. Evaporators of this type are satisfactory for concentrating dilute sulfuric acid to 70-80% [129].
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