Now, we're not heart researchers, but we play them on this blog. We're basing this page on Other people's Research that seem reasonable to us (references below). When the heart pumps blood through the body, with every beat there is a pulse wave (kind of like a shock wave) that travels along all the arteries to the very their extremities of capillary tissue where the Pulse Sensor is attached. Actual blood circulates in the body much slower than the pulse wave travels. Let's follow events as they progress from point ' a ' on the PPG below. A rapid upward rise in signal value occurs as the pulse wave passes under the sensor, then the signal falls back down toward the normal point. Sometimes, the dicroic notch (downward spike) is more pronounced than others, but generally the signal settles back in down to background noise before the next pulse wave washes through. Since the wave is repeating and predictable, we could choose almost any recognizable feature as a reference point, say the peak, and measure the heart rate by doing math on the time between each peak. This, however, can run into false readings from the dicroic notch, if present, and may be susceptible to inaccuracy from baseline noise as well. There are other good reasons not to base the beat-finding algorithm on arbitrary wave phenomena. Ideally, we want to find the instantaneous moment of the heart beat. This is important for accurate BPM calculation, Heart Rate Variability (HRV) studies, and Pulse Transit Time (PTT) measurement. And it is a worthy challenge! People Smarter Than Us (note1) argue that the instantaneous moment of heart beat happens at some point during that fast upward rise in the PPG waveform.
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