Transcription:
a process of transmitting genetic information on the origin of the genetic code circuit (DNA) to messenger RNA in additional principles.
The process occurs in the nucleus into an intermediate of the process of cell division.
The mechanism of transcription :
time: occurs before cell protein synthesis
participants: the enzyme, the type of free nucleotides (a, U, G, C), a DNA molecule as a template.
Evolutions: B1: start first: RNA polymerase enzymes bind to the genes regulating as twisted off to reveal the original circuit has dimensions 3 '- 5' and start mRNA synthesis at a specific location. B2 RNA sequence lasts: the enzyme RNA polymerase slides along the original circuit dimensional gene 3 '- 5' and the nucleotide in the intracellular environment associated with the original nucleotide on the principle supplements: A principal link the environment U, T radicals associated with environmental A, G, C radicals linked to the environment, C G radicals linked to the environment. B3: ended: the move to the end enzyme gene, signals having finished the transcription stops, the RNA is released. Region of gene transcription is complete, just a single strand twists immediately shut down. In prokaryotes, mRNA after transcription is used directly as a template for protein synthesis. In cognitive organism: mRNA introns are cut out segments, connecting the mature mRNA exons I then go through the nuclear membrane into the cytoplasm as a template for protein synthesis.
The result: a piece of DNA transcription once it created 1 RNA.
meaning: RNA formed directly involved in the regulation of protein synthesis characteristic.
the process of translation is the process that moves forward the mRNA contained in the amino acid sequence polypeptide chain of proteins.
the mechanism of translation:
Location: place in the cytoplasm of the cell
movement comprises 2 phases
phase 1: activation of amino acids: under the action of some enzymes and amino acids themselves due to the intracellular environment are activated by compounds in association with ATP: aa + ATP => activated amino acid. Thanks to the effect of a specific enzyme, activated amino acids associated with the corresponding tRNA complexes generate amino acid - tRNA.
Phase 2: synthetic polypeptide chain, consisting of 3 steps:
Opening: The baby of ribosomal subunits attached to the mRNA at a specific location identification (nearly triple the opening) and move to the opening triad AUG. Amino acid opening - tRNA enters the opening trio of three opening (in its code - UAC - AUG match the opening on the principle complementary mRNA), then large particles attached to create a complete ribosome.
prolonged polypeptide chain: amino acid 1 - tRNA enters the ribosome (for its code matches the code on the first on the principle of complementary mRNA), a peptide bond is formed between amino acids and amino acid opening first. Ribosomes trio shifted second carrier tRNA the amino acid liberated male opening. Next, the amino acid - tRNA enters the ribosome (for its code matches the second trio on the principle complementary mRNA), peptide bond formation between the second amino acid and amino acid first. The process thus continues to trio trio abuts the end of the mRNA. Such continuous polypeptide chain is extended.
Finish: the ribosome shifts to the trio finish (UAA, UAG, UGA), the code translation process stopped, the two subunits of the ribosome apart. a specific enzyme amino acid removal opening and freeing the polypeptide chain, the process of translation is complete. During translation, mRNA is not usually associated with each individual ribosomes that while sticking to a group of ribosomes (polysome) helps increase performance of protein synthesis.
The result: A molecular translational mRNA participate once and has 1 ribosome slip over 1 times, created a polypeptide chain.
the role of endoplasmic reticulum:
a system within the cell membrane creating a system of flat tubes and sinuses with one another.
endoplasmic grid divided into two categories: internal grid smooth endoplasmic reticulum substances and particles. Slippery substance is no attached ribosomes, particulate matter with particles, the ribosomes. Endoplasmic reticulum with a first particle associated with the nuclear envelope, the other end connected to the smooth endoplasmic reticulum system.
The function of the endoplasmic reticulum protein synthesis particle is secreted outside the cells and proteins that make up membranes newspaper. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum, there are many types of enzymes involved in lipid biosynthesis, metabolism of sugars and toxic decomposition of the body.
The ribosome and its role:
as a membrane organelles no wrapper. It is made up of several types of rRNA and many different proteins.
Are specialized organelles of the cell protein synthesis. Number of ribosomes in a cell can be up to several million.
Golgi apparatus: a stack of flat film bags placed together but allowing one ranked with the other. Can be compared to a factory assembly, packaging and distribution of products of the cell. Ribosomal proteins are synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi apparatus are my lap by the vesicles. Here we are attaching other substances that make up the finished product and packaging in the bag to go to more places in the cell or secreted from the cell.
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