The trend toward financial deregulation accelerated in the early 1970s, when the government controls on financial activities that had been established in the 1950s and 1960s and earlier were proving ineffective and causing serious inefficiencies in the allocation of capital and the operation of monetary policy. The United States removed its last capital controls in 1973; Germany significantly reduced its restrictions on capital movements in the 1970s; and the United Kingdom dismantled its exchange controls in 1979, Japan in the early 1980s, and France and Italy in the late 1980s. Countries embraced deregulation because it was thought that free flows of capital would open up both saving and investment opportunities for firms» and individuals and better match the changing needs of suppliers and users of funds, thereby facilitating the efficient allocation of capital and promoting growth in income and output.
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