4. conversation implicationThe cognitive basis of conversation is, if not specified otherwise, all participants adhere to principles and motto. In the example [7], Dexter could be violating the demands of the motto.[7] Charlene: I hope vou brought the bread and the cheese.(I hope you bring the bread and cheese.)Dexter: Ah, I brought the bread.(Yes, I brought the bread here.)After hearing the answer of Dexter in [7], Charlene has grasped that Dexter has a good partnership and is not totally unrecognizable motto about the amount. But he's not counting out the cheese. If he had brought the cheese, he must be said is that, because of him which adhere to the motto on the amount. He needs focus makes her have to infer that what is not included is the No. In this case, Dexter was achieved more than what he was saying thanks to imply the conversation.We can structure a performance of what has been said by b (= bread: bread) and in c (= cheese: cheese) as in [8]. Use the logo signs + > to just a function,We can also perform the additional meaning that is communicated.[8]Charlene: 6 & c?Dexter: b. (+ > NOT c)It is important to keep getting that people say was the announcement by meaning implies and the listener who is aware of the significance to be informed that by inference. The inference is called the inference will maintain the recognition is there collaboration. '5. Imply a shared conversationIn the case of for example [7], is presented in [8], not the separate background knowledge of the context of the speech was to Institute to make the inference necessary. This process itself in the decoding imply will be used if Doobie asked Mary about the invite you to Bella (= b) and Cathy (= c) for her to attend the fun, as in [9a.]. and get the response as in [9b]. In the context of other đâv with [7], the general process to identify imply nàv, then is also in the process [9].[9]a. Doobie: Did you invite Bella and Cathy? (6 & c?)(Children Bella and Cathy?)Mary: I invited» Bella. (6 + > NOT c)(I invite Bella.)When not separate background knowledge in that context to the Institute to the extra meaning interpretation be communicated, as in the example from [7] to [6], the phenomenon that is called imply a shared conversation (generalized conversational implicature) (also translated as conversation implies generalized;). A common example in English is related to case any sentence containing an indefinite styled "a/an X" ("a X"), sort of like "a garden" ("Garden") and "a child" ("a child") in [10]. Things like this are typical explanations according to imply is shared: a X + > X is not of the speaker.[10] 1 was sitting in a garden one day. A child looked over the fence.(One day I sat in a nearby garden. A child looking through railings.)These imply in [10] there is content rising star garden and the child yet it is not the speaker's, has been interpreted according to the principle that if the speaker can lift about something more specific (i.e. the person who is speaking there are more news. review by the motto of the amount) , then this speaker must have said "my garden" ("my garden") and "my child" ("children").Some ' implies shared more conversation yet common way is on the basis of a value and therefore be understood as the implied scale degrees.6. Imply aSome believe that often raised by choosing a word be a value retrieved from a values. Very obvious case is the case of the words used to express the quantity, as stated in the a in [11], in which the scale degrees are listed from highest value to lowest value.[11] < regularly, often (as), sometimes >When creating a spokesman, who said any information retrieved from the selection at most and absolutely true (quantity and quality) in which case a scene for it, as in [12].[12]I'm studying linguistics and I've completed some of the required courses.(I'm studying Linguistics and I have completed a number of compulsory.)By selecting the "some" ("some") in [12], who said creating a function (+ > not all) (+ > not all). There is an implied scale degrees (out of the implied scale degrees). The basis of the degree scale implies (scalar implicature) is when a particular form in a validated, then the negation of all the higher forms of it on an elevators are used to imply. A first in [11] (a stated in the first line in [11]) have "all" ("all") , "most" ("majority"), and "many" ("many") is higher than "some" ("some"). According to the definition of a term, then the next it's with saying "some of the required courses" ("some compulsory subjects"), who also created the saying implies more (for example, + > not most (+ > is not the majority), + > not many (+ > not much)).If the person comes back also depict this language learning textbooks as in [13], then we can get some more implies a.[13]They're sometimes really interesting.(Sometimes they are also or.)With the use of "sometimes" ("sometimes") in [13], who spoke with both the message implies that the negative form of higher (higher "sometimes") on a frequency that (+ > not always (+ > not often), + > not often (+ > not often).There are many imply a is created by the use of expressions that we can not think of right away is that is a division of a degree. For example, spokesman in [14a] will be interpreted as imply ' + > not certain ' ("+ > not sure") as the highest value on the scale "the can" and [14b] "+ > not must" ("+ > no need") on a "compulsory" and "+ > not frozen ' (+ > not freeze") on a "cold".[14]a. it's possible that they were delayed.(Can they be late.)b. This should be stored in a cool place.(This one needs to keep in place the cold.)There is a characteristic of a necessary implication to be noted, that's when people say their repair itself in a few details, such as in [15], the typical way they cancel one of these imply a.[15]I got some of this jewelry in Hong Kong, actually the um I think I got most of it there.(I did buy this jewelry stuff in Hong Kong, well actually I've bought most of that stuff is here.)In [15], at first the speaker implies is "+ > not most" ("+ > no more") by saying "you guys", but then corrected himself by acknowledging that fact is "more". Final confirmation thing which generally still be explained is true, but with a degree scale implies ("+ > is not all").
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