England's FLEXIBLE PRODUCTIONNH law curriculum Chapter 1: the GENERAL ARGUMENT ABOUT the BANKING LAW in the LEGAL SYSTEM in VIETNAM I. THE CONCEPT OF BANKING ACTIVITIES, THE BANK AND THE BANKING SYSTEM STRUCTURE 1 the formation of banking activities and the Bank: History and development of the Bank associated with the formation and development of the currency. When the commodity economy development, to meet the needs of circulation, commodity exchanges, the "creative" out of the currency as a general family of horizontal object. Previously, for simple commodity economy, the Exchange stub method "barter" are the Parties apply. However, this method is only feasible when both sides at the same time there is demand for goods of each compatible. As a result, many cases of the method of "barter" became effective when the needs of exchange between the parties still have. From time to time, active circulation, commodity exchanges have increasingly developed, a method of exchanging progress than has been applied, it is the "horizontal-reviews-row". In fact, the general consideration that carries the nature of money and are viewed as the first stubs form of currency. In the first phase, horizontal wrestling price public-money is the party as real valuables such as fur, metal, shells .... later on, and the less easy to preserve, it was known to the form of money. Accordingly, the parties can together Convention of a general nature par Convention, not necessarily the real valuables such as coins, paper money. The appearance of the currency as creating favorable conditions for the sale of goods circulation. The exchange activities have increasingly developed, beyond the scope of a region, area, between certain countries. The trader can bring the goods proceed to exchange between the regions, in different areas. However, according to regional characteristics, customs, society exists in many forms of currency as a general consideration various figures. Therefore, currency conversion needs match each region, where the traders to the commodities exchange has emerged. In order to satisfy the circulation, commodity exchange continuous development of society appear first professional traders make the main horizontal object Exchange service General-currency prices. To confirm the money exchange service has been made, the injured received money conversion will release deed carries the nature of receipt on delivery, hold the assets as currency. Later, along with proprietary chemical mode do appear and the class distinction between those holding multiple assets with those scanty owns social assets in the form of a value of money acquired the contradictions about supply, demand related to the use of currency. The traders get stored in the repository property type given make the general public become invisible horizontal the intermediary entities can temporarily solve the contradiction between those who are in need of money with the remaining members are temporarily idle money earned in production process , circulation, commodity exchanges. The traders are not only purely as a service fund but also brokered payments, make the service recipient, use the money lenders are temporarily idle. The traders became the first currency trading. Many studies show that the banking profession, first appeared in Northern Italy in the middle ages. Italians call this business trades as "Banco". [1]Can see that, starting from the horizontal character generally appears in the purchase, sale, exchange of goods, the relations and business activities Exchange services directly related to the horizontal character generally has been formed. When the horizontal character of general price was fixed by the material has a high intrinsic value and there are many natural properties facilitate the preservation, broken down as well, then the horizontal character generally is considered the official currency. Along with it is the appearance of the merchant services business nature of the banking activity and the Bank in the period. The main banking and monetary operations are the result of social labor assignment in monetary circulation and function of the currency. [2]Historically, the process of development of the banking model and the type of credit has a relationship with the development process of production, circulation, commodity currency. Until the 15th century, the professional organization of business related services to serve the process of currency exchange buy sell officially was established and was known as the Bank. In this phase, the activity of the Bank still separate, isolated, not to form a system, yet have binding, interdependence. Each bank has the professional activities such as the release of the money, deposits, loans, payment services do, convert the money. The banking model was done all the services from the release of the money to the other services form a parallel way is called a banking model. By the end of the 19th century, the production and circulation of commodities higher development requires the scope and swap space must be extended even further. With a banking model, in the same country can exist at many different currencies, corresponding to the different administrative banks released. The existence at the same time the currency in the form of promissory notes of the Bank in a range of countries were hindering production, commodity circulation, leads to excess money situation, inflation. Thus, in some countries, the State has to intervene in order to remove this obstacle by only allowing some banks to satisfy a number of conditions are allowed to release new money put into circulation. The Bank does not qualify to release money in the form of promissory notes the Bank shall only be conducted in the business banking services such as deposits, loans, transfers, currency exchange ... As such, the banking operations that form the two banking system: banks and intermediary bank. This has lead to the process of converting Bank model a model into two banks. Under the two-level banking model that will have the distinction between its banks releasing money to the remaining banks are only allowed to conduct purely banking activities that are not allowed to release the money. Đến cuối thế kỷ 19, hệ quả của việc phát triển mạnh mẽ của lưu thông hàng hóa và tiền tệ và yêu cầu ngăn chặn hiện tượng lạm phát có thể gia tăng đã đòi hỏi thống nhất thị trường tiền tệ sao cho mỗi quốc gia chỉ lưu hành một đồng tiền duy nhất và nhà nước phải kiểm soát được lượng tiền tệ lưu thông. Do vậy, nhiều nước đã ban hành pháp luật quy định chỉ cho phép một ngân hàng duy nhất được phép tiến hành hoạt động phát hành tiền. Ngân hàng này được gọi là ngân hàng phát hành tiền và phân biệt với các ngân hàng trung gian còn lại không được phép phát hành tiền. Từ đặc quyền do nhà nước quy định, ngân hàng phát hành tiền ngay càng có vị trí quan trọng trong nền sản xuất, lưu thông hàng hóa cũng như tác động chi phối đến hệ thống các ngân hàng trung gian. Chính vì lẽ đó, để định hướng hoạt động sản xuất, thương mại và kiểm soát được lượng tiền tệ phát hành, lưu thông nhằm kiểm soát được hiện tượng lạm phát, nhà nước đã sử dụng quyền lực chính trị để có thể chi phối được ngân hàng phát hành tiền. Hiện tượng này bắt đầu cho quá trình quốc hữu hóa ngân hàng phát hành tiền. Từ đầu thế kỷ XX và phổ biến là từ sau chiến tranh thế giới lần thứ hai (1945), hầu hết các quốc gia đã thực hiện việc quốc hữu hóa ngân hàng phát hành tiền. Theo đó, ngân hàng này trở thành ngân hàng trung ương, ngân hàng nhà nước, có vị trí đặc biệt quan trọng đối với hoạt động sản xuất lưu thông và mang bản chất là “ngân hàng của các ngân hàng”. Ngân hàng trung ương ngoài đặc quyền phát hành tiền còn là trung tâm tiền tệ, trung tâm thanh toán tổng mà các ngân hàng khác phải mở tài khoản thanh toán, làm dịch vụ tiền tệ cho Chính phủ.2. The concept of banking, banking operations:The concept of banks and banking activities appear in a certain historical period, when the currency was launched and commodity economy flourished. The concept of banks and banking activities subject to the impact by the transformation of social economy, customs and laws of the country in each stage. So, the concept of banking, banking operations are also very diverse. In research papers and legal documents of many countries, the concept of the Bank is often used to refer to the business activities of the Bank. Thus, the Act adjusts the banking business activities of many countries most n
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