The common problems of the urban environment
• Focus populous => demand for housing, employment, education, healthcare, transport, ... => pressure on limited resources.
• Domestic waste => illness.
• spontaneous urbanization in developing countries => slums => sanitation conditions shabby => not ensure the health of the community.
• Quality Hospital waste, the seed disease, affecting the health of the community.
• Wastewater, water basins and contaminate groundwater, negative impacts on aquatic ecosystems and the people living in the watershed ...
• Emissions from transportation activities and industrial production causes respiratory diseases, gastrointestinal, cardiovascular, ...
• The phenomenon of urban heat islands, regional environment centers microclimate often hotter 1 / 3 compared with surrounding areas.
• The pressure may exceed the capacity of the environment, beyond the capacity of the community to meet and society.
• The issue of food, employment, rec rooms Location ...
The causes of environmental pollution in the process of urbanization
• Investment Planning and Urban Infrastructure slowly => system of urban environmental management weakness => pollution, balanced by ecology is disrupted, the natural landscape of distortion ...
• Urban planning is not integrated with environmental planning => proportion of trees and water in urban areas decreased, waterproof surface, Drainage reduce water scarcity and droughts occur regularly.
• The urban population increased along with improving living standards increase the amount of waste from domestic and urban services, particularly waste water and waste = > increased demand for water resource exploitation.
• Explosion of motor vehicles => dust, harmful gases and noise.
• Domestic waste is a serious problem of all urban centers.
• Production industry, handicrafts => environmental pollution and hazardous waste increase.
• Field migration from rural to urban pressures on housing, urban sanitation, as well as issues society.
The environmental assessment criteria urbanization
• Criterion of "pressure" on the environment:
- The scale of urban development must be reasonable;
- planning for urban land use as appropriate;
- Advanced economical use and exploitation of natural resources;
- Minimize waste sources of environmental pollutants;
- Preserving biodiversity in urban areas.
- The indicators: population, urban area, the number of vehicles motor, needs ... incidents.
• Criteria for "Meet" with the environment:
- Criteria for environmental response in urban development: technical infrastructure of modern cities; The waste sources (gas, water, solid) are handled; Urban meets the needs of the people; environmental protection; high sense of community; budget to meet environmental protection.
- Directive represents: percentage of population supplied with water, sewers density, traffic density, the proportion of waste is collected, green area, ...
• Criteria for the "Status" environment: The present directive
- Environment water (groundwater, surface): volume, quality;
- Air quality: Concentration of ingredients, temperature, rain, wind , ..;
- Environment Land (suburban): Only urbanization - biological, heavy metals;
- traffic noise level: average daily noise levels, night;
- Environmental health: the average life expectancy, the rate morbidity, ....
The status of the urban environment in Vietnam
• Water level: Currently, nationwide there are about 240 water plants with a total capacity of 3.78 million on m3 / day. Most of the plants have water treatment technologies obsolete, the quality is not hygienic, many physical and chemical indicators, microbial unqualified clean water. The rate of loss is higher than 15%.
• Wastewater: Mix with rainwater (shared sewers), multiple sources of toxic emissions such as hospitals and industry. Handling Partial or no treatment before being discharged into urban environments, for our country, where surface water is receiving, shipping sources of untreated waste water, so they are contaminated some areas were heavily contaminated
• Environment urban air always more polluted air environment in rural areas, because the sources of pollutants in urban environment greatly from living, transportation and industrial to urban construction.
• Dust pollution: Most municipalities in the country are polluted by dust, some centers are severely polluted, to an alarming degree.
• Pollution gases Other damage (SO2, NO2, CO): Concentration NO2, CO, SO2 in urban air are approximate daily average value.
• Pollution Lead (Pb) in urban air: lead levels commonly observed equal to or less than the standard allows.
• Air pollution and acid rain: no circumstances.
• Environmental noise: Transport is main sources of urban noise pollution. Some other sources of noise, such as noise level in urban areas Vietnam is growing and exceeds the permissible level (eg evolution from 1995 -> 1998 in HCMC. Hanoi).
• Solid waste pollution Urban is a pressing issue, as urban development, the greater the amount of solid waste, increasing toxicity. The amount of municipal solid waste, if not managed, collected and handled well, will lead to a series of negative consequences for the urban environment. Solid wastes are categorized as: (1) solid waste activities; (2) industrial solid waste; (3) hospital waste.
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