1. INTRODUCTION ............................................... .................................................. ........... 1
1.1. Background ................................................. .................................................. ......... 1
1.2. Objectives ................................................. .................................................. ............ 1
1.3. Scope ................................................. .................................................. ................... 1
1.4. Structure ................................................. .................................................. .............. 1
1.5. Key definitions ................................................ .................................................. ..... 2
2. SUMMARY OF KEY Considerations ...................................... ............................. 3
2.1. Innovative strategies ................................................ ............................................... 3
2.2. Technology selection, application and deployment ............................................ ... 3
2.3. Centralised processing technologies ............................................... ....................... 4
2.4. Mobile technologies ................................................ ............................................... 4
2.5. Conclusion ................................................. .................................................. ........... 4
3. Regulations and legislation EVOLUTION OF ............................... ............. 5
3.1. Technology drivers and inhibitors .............................................. ............................ 5
3.2. National policies ................................................ .................................................. ... 5
3.3. Conclusions ................................................. .................................................. ......... 6
4. DRIVERS OF LILW MANAGEMENT ................................. Strategies ................. 7
4.1. Availability of disposal repositories and acceptance criteria ................................. 7
4.2. Disposal fee structure ............................................... .............................................. 7
4.3. Financial resources ................................................ ................................................. 8
4.4. Labor resources ................................................ .................................................. .... 8
4.5. Availability of capacities of storage onsite or off site ......................................... ... 8
4.6. Availability of clearance or of discharge levels for
very low level radioactive waste ..................................... ........................................ 9
4.7. Operational Impacts on plant .............................................. .................................... 9
4.8. Public acceptance ................................................ .................................................. . 9
4.9. Availability of transportation ............................................... .................................. 9
4.10. Availability of support systems, services and utilities ..................................... 10
4:11. Availability of mobile treatment and processing systems ................................ 10
5. APPLICATION OF PREDOMINANT WORLDWIDE AND INNOVATIVE
TREATMENT AND CONDITIONING TECHNOLOGIES ......................................... 11
6. OFF SITE AND MOBILE TREATMENT AND
CONDITIONING TECHNOLOGIES .............................................. .............................. 16
6.1. Off site technologies ............................................... .............................................. 16
6.1.1 . Limitations and adverse Impacts of off site technologies ........................ 16
6.2. Mobile technologies ................................................ ............................................. 18
6.2.1. Limitations and adverse Impacts of mobile technologies ......................... 18
7. INNOVATIVE, COST EFFECTIVE Strategies .......... ........................................... 20
7.1. Clearance ................................................. .................................................. ........... 20
7.1.1. Brief description of strategy .............................................. ....................... 20
7.1.2. Significant benefits of strategy .............................................. ................... 20
7.1.3. Significant Limitations, inhibitors, or adverse Impacts of strategy ........... 20
7.1.4. Applicable waste streams ............................................... .......................... 20
7.1.5. Implementation options ................................................ ............................ 21
7.2. Very low level waste .............................................. ..................
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