Equipped with GPS receivers, smartphones can annotate timestamped data withgeographical information. To make up for the slow and powerful hungry operation of standard GPS, smartphones are typically using a GNSS enhancement technique, called AssistedGlobal Positioning System (AGPS). AGPS combines information about position from thestandard GPS receiver and the cellular network. The key idea is to combine triangulation information from the carrier with the GPS signal. The use of AGPS comes at an accurate costthat is estimated to be a median horizontal error of between 5.0 and 8.5 m, substantially largerthan those for regular autonomous GPS units by a factor of 2 to 3 [ 52]. This sort of error mustbe incorporated into the application-related calculations even though there are some approaches to improving the situation, especially in urban environments.
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