Innovation studies at the industry level can have either an extra-industry focus or an intra-industry focus. Studies at the extra-industry level primarily emphasize the identification of factors that distinguish innovation development patternsand innovation magnitude among industries [29, 34-36]. Differences in development patterns and magnitude of innovations across industries have been identified as being dependent on both technology and industry-related factors. The former includes technological appropriability and technological opportunity, while the latter includes industry expenditure on R&D and the stages of the industry life-cycle. Studies that have an intra-industry focus elaborate usually on the relative differences in timing ofadoption of an innovation across organizations within an industry, as well as the innovation's implications for organizational performance [37-39].
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