Litigation proceedingsLitigation proceedings (formed from the "trial by criminal trial over the duel") was first used in ancient Greece, then applied in Roman and common to several European countries in the middle ages (10-13). Today, the pattern of litigation proceedings are applied in many countries but mainly in countries in the system of law projects (such as the US, uk, Australia, Singapore, ...) with the level and scope vary depending on concept and tradition of each country. However, can draw some general characteristics of the model in the proceedings, in particular the following:-Litigation proceedings said that the truth will be opened through the debate (the struggle) freedom and openness between the two sides (one side is the State and the other party is the people accused) has the correct facts about the incident. Litigation proceedings law journal form (proceedings) over content laws (or in other words is important more important evidence provided). The proceedings at the trial is made public, by mouth and stick to the principle of litigation. All written evidence (such as the minutes of the judicial police) are not recognized as evidence. The party accused the party and counsel to join the trial as the two rivals are responsible to prove the guilt or innocence of the accused. Each of the sides are equal to each other in the use of the law (especially the rules of the proceedings and the power of the proceedings) to be able to achieve his superiority to enemy parties truức.-Litigation proceedings have no investigative phase, all the evidence completely by the parties themselves collect and only be given at the trial. The party accused the party of using excuses and the right to cross-examination for witnesses to determine the truthfulness or the bias in their testimony (pointing out that the witness knows really, not what they think they know). So, even the events took place at the trial can also be used as evidence by the parties against each other. Each party has the right to put questions directly to the other party as well as the witnesses, appraiser, ... even has the right to interrupt the other party to uncontested.-Litigation proceedings of special interest to the benefit of the parties and set up of society down to second cave; power was shared for all prosecutors, lawyers and judges. The responsibility to prove to be distributed equally to the two parties accused and excuses. At the trial, prosecutors representing the State plays only the role of a subject in the party accused to Shu functions accused for the accused (to prove the defendant's crime and the damage that crime has caused to society). Lawyers argue about the innocence or mitigate the guilt to protect his client legally. Courts (Home) just as the referee is responsible for ensuring the compliance of the parties to the litigation rules. On the basis of the evidence already was racing out parties consider, check at the trial, the judge put off ruling on the case (which does have a responsibility to find out the truth, do not have a right to know about the facts of the case before opening trial).- Tại phiên toà, các bên có thể sử dụng tất cả các phương tiện, phương pháp mà pháp luật cho phép để tranh tụng với nhau. Việc lựa chọn phương pháp, phương tiện cụ thể nào phụ thuộc vào nhiều yếu tố (thời điểm tranh tụng, từng vụ án cụ thể, sở trường, trình độ, kỹ năng nghiệp vụ, kinh nghiệm thực tiễn,... của mỗi chủ thể). Phương tiện tranh tụng mà các bên sử dụng trước hết là các chứng cứ, vật chứng được đưa ra xem xét tại phiên toà, các quy phạm pháp luật (hình sự, TTHS, dân sự, lao động,...), các giải thích pháp luật, án lệ, phân tích, lập luận và phản bác quan điểm, kết luận của bên đối phương, đồng thời đề nghị Toà án chấp nhận quan điểm của mình về hướng giải quyết các vấn đề trong vụ án.
đang được dịch, vui lòng đợi..
